ارائه پیشران‌های کلیدی آینده حکمروایی شهری هوشمند (مطالعه موردی: شهر رشت)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی- مستخرج از رساله

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

توسعه مستمر جمعیت شهری و نیازهای رو به افزایش آنها، شهرنشینی گسترده در کشورهای در حال توسعه، تغییرات جمعیت‌شناختی، چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی، معضلات اقتصادی، معضلات حمل‌و نقل شهری، پیشرفت‌های فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و بوروکراسی، فرمولاسیون شهر هوشمند و حکمروایی شهری هوشمند را ضروری ساخته است. در خصوص شهر رشت می‌توان بیان نمود که شهر رشت نتوانسته آیندههای پیشروی توسعه را متصور شود و پیشرفتی در زمینه حکمروایی شهری هوشمند داشته باشد. لذا هدف این پژوهش واکاوی پیشران‌های کلیدی حکمروایی شهری هوشمند با رویکرد آینده‌پژوهی است. پژوهش حاضر کاربردی و به لحاظ روش انجام توصیفی - تحلیلی و اکتشافی است. گردآوری دادهها به روش اسنادی و نیز به‌صورت پیمایشی مبتنی بر تکنیک دلفی میباشد. جامعه آماری کلیه متخصصان شهری شهر رشت در زمینه تحقیق میباشند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از قوانین راسکو، 45 نفر تعیین شد و شیوه نمونه‌گیری به‌صورت گلوله‌برفی میباشد. 8 مؤلفه و 20 پیشران در خصوص حکمروایی شهری هوشمند تدوین شد و پرسشنامه ماتریس اثرات متقابل (وزن 0 تا 3) در اختیار متخصصان قرار گرفت و در نهایت با استفاده از نرم­افزار میک‌مک پیشران‌های کلیدی استخراج شدند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل حاکی از آن است که آموزش شهروندی و آگاهی‌رسانی، مشارکت شهروندان و تعهد مسئولان جزء 3 پیشران اول حکمروایی شهری هوشمند شهر رشت محسوب می‌شوند.

تازه های تحقیق

- با استفاده از رویکرد حکمروایی شهری هوشمند می ‌تواند منجر به کاهش معضلات شهری شد.

- با استفاده از نرم‌افزار میک‌مک، آینده‌پژوهی حکمروایی شهری هوشمند انجام شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


احدنژاد، محسن و نجفی، سعید (1399). شناسایی عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر وضعیت آیندة کیفیت زندگی سکونتگاه‌های شهری با تاکید بر کاربرد آینده­پژوهی (مطالعه موردی: محلات کارمندان و اسلام آباد شهر زنجان). مجله آمایش جغرافیایی فضا، 10 (35)، صص. 26-105.
احمدی، اسماعیل؛ ملکی، محمدحسن؛ ثانوی‌فرد، رسول و فتحی، محمدرضا (1399). آینده­پژوهی زنجیره تأمین صنعت نفت با رویکرد سناریونگاری. دو فصلنامه آینده­پژوهی ایران، 5 (1)، صص. 81-104.
آمارنامه شهرداری رشت، 1398.
حاتمی، افشار؛ ساسان‌پور، فرزانه؛ زیپارو، آلبرتو و سلیمانی، محمد (1400). شهر هوشمند پایدار: مفاهیم، ابعاد و شاخص­ها. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 21 (60)، صص. 315-339.
صابری­فر، رستم (1399). تعیین و تشخیص عوامل مؤثر در طراحی سازمان هوشمند برای مدیریت شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهرداری مشهد). پژوهش­های جغرافیای برنامه­ریزی شهری، 8 (2)، صص. 445- 467.
مقتدری اصفهانی، فریناز (1399). بازتعریف مفهوم شهرهای هوشمند و فرایند هوشمندسازی شهرها. گفتمان طراحی شهری، ۱ (۲)، صص. 1-10.
هاشمی، سیدعلی؛ راه­نجات، میترا؛ شریف­زاده، فتاح و سعدی، محمدرضا (1399). نسبت­سنجی حکمروایی خوب و شهر هوشمند (مطالعه موردی: شهر تهران). فصلنامه راهبرد اجتماعی - فرهنگی، 9 (34)، صص. 67-90.
Ahmad, A., Jeon, G., Yu, C. W. (2021). Challenges and emerging technologies for sustainable smart cities. Indoor and Built Environment, 0(0), pp. 1–4.
Aina, Y. A., Wafer, A., Ahmed, F., and Alshuwaikhat. H. M. (2019). Top-down sustainable urban development? Urban governance transformation in Saudi Arabia. Cities, 90, pp. 272–281.
Anand, P. B., Navío-Marco, J. (2018). Governance and economics of smart cities: opportunities and challenges, Telecommunications Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2018.10.001, pp. 1-5.
Andersson, M. (2021). Smart city and metropolitan governance, Urban Management Consultant, San Francisco, United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816816-5.00011-5. pp. 235-246.
Basmi, W., Boulmakoul, W., Karim, L., Lbath, A. (2020). Modern approach to design a distributed and scalable platform architecture for smart cities complex events data collection. Procedia Computer Science, 170, pp. 43–50.
Baykurt, B., Raetzsch, C. (2020). what smartness does in the smart city: From visions to policy. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 26 (4), pp. 775–789.
Bibri, S. E. (2021). Data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: An evidence synthesis approach to a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review. Sustainable Futures, 3,100047, pp. 1-23.
Breslow, H. (2020). the smart city and the containment of informality: The case of Dubai. Urban Studies, 00(0), pp. 1-16.
Brutti, A., Sabbata, P. D., Frascella, A., Gessa, N., Ianniello, R., Novelli, C., Pizzuti, S., and Ponti, G. (2019). Smart City Platform Specification: A Modular Approach to Achieve Interoperability in Smart Cities, The Internet of Things for Smart Urban Ecosystems, Internet of Things, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96550-5_2, pp. 1-26.
Burns, R., Andrucki, M. (2020). Smart cities: Who cares?.  EPA: Economy and Space, 0(0), pp. 1–19.
Cardullo, P., Kitchin, R. (2019). Smart urbanism and smart citizenship: The neoliberal logic of ‘citizen-focused’ smart cities in Europe. EPC: Politics and Space, 37(5), pp. 813–830.
Casini, M. (2017). Green Technology for Smart Cities. Earth and Environmental Science, 83, 012014, do i: 10.1088/1755-1315/83/1/012014, PP 1-10.
Castelnovo, W., Misuraca, G., and Savoldelli, A. (2015). Smart Cities Governance: The Need for a Holistic Approach to Assessing Urban Participatory Policy Making. Social Science Computer Review, pp. 1-16. DOI: 10.1177/0894439315611103
Chakrabarty, A. (2019). Smart mischief: an attempt to demystify the Smart Cities craze in India. ENV IRONMENT & URBANI Z ATION, 3 1 (1), pp. 193-208.
Chang, I. C., Jou, S. C., Chung, M. K. (2020). Provincialising smart urbanism in Taipei: The smart city as a strategy for urban regime transition. Urban Studies, 00(0), pp. 1-22.
Charnock, G., March, H., Ribera-Fumaz, R. (2021). from smart to rebel city? Worlding, provincialising and the Barcelona Model. Urban Studies, 58(3), pp. 581–600.
Choi, J., Lee, S., and Jamal, T. (2020). Smart Korea: Governance for smart justice during a global pandemic. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. DOI:.1080/09669582.2020.1777143, pp.1747-7646.
Colding, J., Colding, M., and Barthel, S. (2020). Applying seven resilience principles on the Vision of the Digital City. Cities, 103, 102761, pp. 1-9.
Connolly, C., Keil, R., and Harris Ali, S. (2021). extended urbanisation and the spatialities of infectious disease: Demographic change, infrastructure and governance. Urban Studies, 58(2), pp. 245–263.
Cortes-Cediel, M. E., Cantador, L., Bolı´var, M. P. R. (2019). Analyzing Citizen Participation andEngagement in European Smart Cities. Social Science Computer Review, pp. 1-35. DOI: 10.1177/0894439319877478.
Curşeu, P. L., Semeijn, J. H., and Nikolova, I. (2020). Career challenges in smart cities: A sociotechnical systems view on sustainable careers. human relations, 00(0), pp. 1–22.
Datta, A., Odendaal, N. (2019). Smart cities and the banality of power. EPD: Society and Space, 37(3), pp. 387–392.
Deng, T., Zhang, K., and Shen, Z. (2021). a systematic review of a digital twin city: A new pattern of urban governance toward smart cities. Journal of Management Science and Engineering, pp. 1-10.
Dorin Pop, M., Proștean, O. (2018). A Comparison Between Smart City Approaches in Road Traffic Management. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 238, pp. 29 – 36.
Ehwi, R. J., Holmes, H., Maslova, S., and Burgess, G. (2022). the ethical underpinnings of Smart City governance: Decision-making in the Smart Cambridge programme, UK. Urban Studies, 00(0), DOI: 10.1177/00420980211064983. Pp. 1-17.
Falco, S. D., Angelidou, M., and Addie, J. P. D. (2019). from the “smart city” to the “smart metropolis”? Building resilience in the urban periphery. European Urban and Regional Studies, 26(2), pp. 205–223.
Fumagalli, L. A. W., Rezende, D. A., and Guimar~aes, T. A. (2021). Challenges for public transportation: Consequences and possible alternatives for the Covid-19 pandemic through strategic digital city application. Journal of Urban Management, 10, pp. 97–109.
Gao, Y., Janssen, M., and Zhang, C. (2021). Understanding the evolution of open government data research: towards open data sustainability and smartness. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 0(0), DOI: 10.1177/00208523211009955, pp, 1-17.
Ghosh, B., Arora, S. (2022). Smart as (UN) democratic? The making of a smart city imaginary in Kolkata, India. EPC: Politics and Space, 40(1), pp. 318–339.
Gohari, S., Ahlers, D., Nielsen, B. F., and Junker, E. (2020). the Governance Approach of Smart City Initiatives. Evidence from Trondheim, Bergen, and Bodø, Infrastructures, 5 (31), pp. 1-20.
Guimaraes, J. C. F. D., Severo, E. A., únior, L. A. F., Costa, W. P. L. B. D., and Salmoria, F. T. (2020). Governance and quality of life in smart cities: Towards sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119926, pp. 1-14.
Gupta, K., Zhang, W., and Hall, R. P. (2020). Risk priorities and their co-occurrences in smart city project implementation: Evidence from India’s Smart Cities Mission (SCM). EPB: Urban Analytics and City Science, 0(0), pp. 1–15.
Herdiyanti, A., Hapsari, P. S., and Susanto, T. D. (2019). Modelling the Smart Governance Performance to Support Smart City Program in Indonesia. Procedia Computer Science, 161, pp. 367–377.
Irazabal, C., Jiron, P. (2020). Latin American smart cities: Between worlding infatuation and crawling provincializing. Urban Studies, pp. 1–28, DOI: 10.1177/0042098020945201.
Jiang, H., Geertman, S., and Witte, P. (2020). avoiding the planning support system pitfalls? What smart governance can learn from the planning support system implementation gap. EPB: Urban Analytics and City Science, 47(8), pp. 1343– 1360.
Jiang, H., Geertman, S., and Witte, P. (2020). Smart urban governance: an alternative to technocratic ‘‘smartness’’. GeoJournal, Published online, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10326-w, pp. 1-17.
Jiron, P., Imila´n, W. A., Lange, C., and Mansilla, P. (2020). Placebo urban interventions: Observing Smart City narratives in Santiago de Chile. Urban Studies, 00(0), pp. 1-20.
Joss, S., Sengers, F., Schraven, D., Caprotti. F., and Dayot, Y. (2019). the Smart City as Global Discourse: Storylines and Critical Junctures across 27 Cities. JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY, 26(1), pp. 3–34.
Kitchin, R., Coletta, C., Evans, L., and Heaphy, L. (2018). Creating smart cities. London: Routledge, pp. 1-18.
Konig, P. D. (2021). Citizen-centered data governance in the smart city: From ethics to accountability. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103308, pp.1-10.
Kubina, M., Šulyová, D., and Vodák, J. (2021). Comparison of Smart City Standards, Implementation and Cluster Models of Cities in North America and Europe. Sustainability, 13, 3120, pp. 1-15.
Kundu, D. (2019). Blockchain and Trust in a Smart City. Environment and Urbanization Asia, 10(1), pp. 31–43.
Lai, C. S., Jia, Y., Dong, Z., Wang, D., Tao, Y., Lai, Q. H., Wong, R. T. K., Zobaa, A. F., Wu, R., and Lai, L. (2020). A Review of Technical Standards for Smart Cities. Clean Technol, 2, pp. 290–310; doi:10.3390/cleantechnol2030019.
Leitheiser, S., Follmann, A. (2020). the social innovation–(re)politicisation nexus: Unlocking the political in actually existing smart city campaigns? The case of Smart City Cologne, Germany. Urban Studies, 57(4), pp. 894–915.
Li, X. (2018). Understanding eHealth Literacy from a Privacy Perspective: eHealth Literacy and Digital Privacy Skills in American Disadvantaged Communities. American Behavioral Scientist, 00(0), DOI: 10.1177/0002764218787019, Pp 1-19.
Lima, E. G., Chinelli, C. K., Guedes, A. L., Vazquez, L. G., Hammad, A. W., Haddad, A. N., and Soares, C. A. P. (2020). Smart and Sustainable Cities: The Main Guidelines of City Statute for Increasing the Intelligence of Brazilian Cities, Sustainability, 12, 1025; doi: 10.3390/su12031025, pp. 1-26.
Liu, D., Qi, X. (2022). Smart governance: The era requirements and realization path of the modernization of the basic government governance ability, Procedia Computer Science 199, The 8th International Conference on Information Technology and Quantitative Management (ITQM 2020 & 2021),  pp. 674–680.
Lofgren, K., Webster, C. W. R. (2020). the value of Big Data in government: The case of ‘smart cities’. Big Data & Society, pp. 1-14.
Lom, M., Priby, O. (2021). Smart city model based on systems theory. International Journal of Information Management, 56, 102092, pp. 1-11.
Lopez, L. J. R., Castro, A. I. G. (2021). Sustainability and Resilience in Smart City Planning: A Review. Sustainability, 13, 181, pp. 1-25.
Madani, M., Nasrulhaq, N. (2017). Concept of Smart City Governance in Makassar City. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (AEBMR), volume 43, pp. 154-156.
Malley, P. O., Smith. G. J. (2020). ‘Smart’ crime prevention? Digitization and racialized crime control in a Smart City. Theoretical Criminology, 00(0), pp. 1-17.
Mandic, A., Kennell, J. (2021). Smart governance for heritage tourism destinations: Contextual factors and destination management organization perspectives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 39, 100862, pp. 1-14.
Masik, G., Sagan, I., and Scott, J. W. (2021). Smart City strategies and new urban development policies in the Polish context. Cities, 108, 102970, pp. 1-9.
Meijer, A., Bolı´var, M. P. R. (2016). governing the smart city: a review of the literature on smart urban governance. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 82(2), pp. 392–408.
Mishra, A. K. (2019). Henry George and Mohring–Harwitz Theorems: Lessons for Financing Smart Cities in Developing Countries. Environment and Urbanization Asia, 10(1), pp. 13–30.
Mouton, M. (2020). Worlding infrastructure in the global South: Philippine experiments and the art of being ‘smart’. Urban Studies, 00(0), pp. 1-18.
Mukhtar-Landgren, D. (2021). Local Autonomy in Temporary Organizations: The Case of Smart City Pilots. Administration & Society, 00(0), pp. 1-27.
Muller, E., Héraud, J., Ardizzon, F., and Pellegrin, J. (2019). Smart cities and clusters. evoREG Research, 41, pp. 1-19.
Mutiara, D., Yuniarti, S., and Pratama, B. (2018). Smart governance for smart city. Earth and Environmental Science, 126, 012073, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012073, pp. 1-10.
Myeong, S., Jung, Y., and Lee, E. (2018). A Study on Determinant Factors in Smart City Development: An Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis. Sustainability, 10, 2606; doi: 10.3390/su10082606.
Nakano, S., Washizu, A. (2021). Will smart cities enhance the social capital of residents? The importance of smart neighborhood management. Cities, 115, 103244, pp. 1-21.
Nesti, G. (2020). Defining and assessing the transformational nature of smart city governance: insights from four European cases. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 86(1), pp. 20–37.
Nicula, A. S., Boțan, C. N., Gligor, V., and Cociș, E. A. (2020). Celebrating the Great Union through Smart Digital Solutions: Lessons from Alba Iulia, Romania. Journal of Urban History, 00(0), DOI: 10.1177/0096144220940713, pp. 1-19.
Nilssen, M. (2019). To the smart city and beyond? Developing a typology of smart urban Innovation. Technological forecasting and social change, 142, pp. 98-104.
OECD. (2020). Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth, pp. 1-59.
Oetelaar, P. V. (2017). Smart cities: theory vs. practice a comparative case study between Warsaw, Gdynia and Malmö. Lund University School of Economics and Management. Pp. 1-39.
Offenhuber, D. (2019). the platform and the bricoleur—Improvisation and smart city initiatives in Indonesia. EPB: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(8), pp. 1565–1580.
Paskaleva, K., Evans, J., Martin, C. H., Linjordet, T., Yang, D., and Karvonen, A. (2017). Data Governance in the Sustainable Smart City. Informatics, 4 (41), doi: 10.3390/informatics4040041. Pp. 1-19.
Peng, B. (2021). Digital leadership: State governance in the era of digital technology. Cultures of Science, pp. 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1177/209660832198983.
Pereira, G. V., Parycek, P., Falco, E., and Kleinhans, R. (2018). Smart governance in the context of smart cities: A literature review. Information Polity, 23, pp. 143–162.
Pires, F. M., Mendes, L. D. S., and Quin˜onez, L. (2019). integrated system architecture for decision-making and urban planning in smart cities. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 15(8), pp. 1-15.
Praharaj, S., Han, J. h., and Hawken, S. (2018). towards the right model of smart city governance in INDIA. Int. J. Sus.Dev. Plan, 13 (2), pp. 171-186.
Prasetyo, Y. A., Lubis, M. (2020). Smart City Architecture Development Methodology (SCADM): A Meta-Analysis Using SOA-EA and SOS Approach. SAGE Open, pp. 1-14.
Qi, L., Guo, J. (2019). Development of smart city community service integrated management platform. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 15(6), pp. 1-12.
Quitzow, L., Rohde, F. (2021). Imagining the smart city through smart grids? Urban energy futures between technological experimentation and the imagined low-carbon city. Urban Studies, 00(0), pp. 1–19, DOI: 10.1177/00420980211005946.
Ranchod, R. (2020). the data-technology nexus in South African secondary cities: The challenges to smart governance. Urban Studies, 57(16), pp. 3281–3298.
Sadowski, J., Bendor, R. (2019). Selling Smartness: Corporate Narratives and the Smart City as a Sociotechnical Imaginary. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 44(3), pp. 540-563.
Sanchez-Corcuera, R., Nunez-Marcos, A., Sesma-Solance, J., Bilbao-Jayo, A., Mulero, R., Zulaika, U., Azkune, G., and Almeida, A. (2020). Smart cities survey: Technologies, application domains and challenges for the cities of the future. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 15(6), pp. 1-36.
Sarkar, S. (2019). a mission to converge for inclusion? The smart city and the women of Seelampur. Media, Culture & Society, 41(3), pp. 278–293.
Silva, A. O. D., Fernandes, R. A. S. (2020). Smart governance based on multipurpose territorial cadaster and geographic information system: An analysis of geoinformation, transparency and collaborative participation for Brazilian capitals. Land Use Policy, 97, 104752, pp. 1-13.
Silva, J., Mojica, J., Pineres, A., Rojas, R., Acosta, S., Guliany, J. G., and Sanabria, E. S. (2020). Algorithms for the Control of Key Performance Indicators for Smart Cities. Procedia Computer Science, 170, pp. 971–976.
Šurdonja, S., Giuffrè, T., and Deluka-Tibljaš, A. (2020). Smart mobility solutions – necessary precondition for a wellfunctioning smart city. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, pp. 604–611.
Sweeting, D., Alba-Ulloa, J. D., Pansera, M., and Marsh, A. (2022). Easier said than done? Involving citizens in the smart city. EPC: Politics and Space, 0(0), DOI: 10.1177/23996544221080643, pp. 1–17.
Tan, S. Y., Taeihagh, A. (2020). Smart City Governance in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, 12, 899, pp. 1-30.
Tang, T., Hou, J., Fay, D. L., and Annis, C. (2019). Revisit the drivers and barriers to e-governance in the mobile age: A case study on the adoption of city management mobile apps for smart urban governance. Journal of Urban Affairs, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1572455, pp. 1-24.
Tesar, M. (2021). Future Studies: Reimagining our Educational Futures in the Post-Covid-19 world. Policy Futures in Education, 19(1), pp. 1–6.
Tomor, Z., Meijer, A., Michels, A., and Geertman, S. (2019). Smart Governance for Sustainable Cities: Findings from a Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF URBAN TECHNOLOGY, 26(4), pp. 3–27.
Tomor, Z., Przeybilovicz, E., and Leleux, C. (2021). Smart governance in institutional context: An in-depth analysis of Glasgow, Utrecht, and Curitiba. Cities, 114 (2021) 103195, pp. 1-18.
Ullah, F., Qayyum, S., Thaheem, M. J., Al-Turjman, F., and Sepasgozar, S. M. E. (2021). Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: A TOE framework. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 167, 120743, pp. 1-22.
Valdez, A., Cook, M., Potter, S. (2018). Roadmaps to utopia: Tales of the smart city. Urban Studies, 55(15), pp. 3385–3403.
Varró, K., Bunders, D. J. (2020). bringing back the national to the study of globally circulating policy ideas: ‘Actually existing smart urbanism’ in Hungary and the Netherlands. European Urban and Regional Studies, 27(3), pp. 209–226.
Visser, R. (2019). Posthuman policies for creative, smart, eco-cities? Case studies from China. EPA: Economy and Space, 51(1), pp. 206–225.
Wiencierz, C., Lünich, M. (2020). Trust in open data applications through transparency. new media & society, 00(0), DOI: 10.1177/1461444820979708, pp. 1-20.
Williamson, B. (2015). Educating the smart city: Schooling smart citizens through computational urbanism. Big Data & Society, DOI: 10.1177/2053951715617783, pp. 1-19.
Xu, H., Zhu, W. (2020). Evaluating the impact mechanism of citizen participation on citizen satisfaction in a smart city. EPB: Urban Analytics and City Science, 0(0), pp. 1–15.
Yahia, N. B., Eljaoued, W., Saoud, N. B., and Colomo-Palacios, R. (2019). towards sustainable collaborative networks for smart cities co-governance. International Journal of Information Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.11.005, pp. 1-16.
Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). Smart city, knowledge city, sustainable city - the brand soup of contemporary cities. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 9(1), pp. 1-5.
Zandbergen, D., Uitermark, J. (2020). In search of the Smart Citizen: Republican and cybernetic citizenship in the smart city. Urban Studies, 57(8), pp. 1733–1748.