Investigating the Trend of Sea Surface Temperature(SST) Changes in the Gulf of Oman with a Climate Change Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. student of Climatology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Physical Geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Physical Geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.

4 Associate Professor of Maritime Transportation Technology, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, Iran.

10.22124/gscaj.2024.24499.1237

Abstract

Climate change over the past decades has significantly impacted not only land surfaces but also ocean surfaces and sea levels. This study investigated and analyzed changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Gulf of Oman over the last three decades, using monthly SST values. The specified temperature data grid (0.5° x 0.5°) for the Gulf of Oman was extracted from the ECMWF database and analyzed for the period between 1985 and 2014. Time series analysis, employing the Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope method, and simple linear regression, revealed that the upward trend in SST began in early spring, decreased during the summer, and increased again in autumn and winter. Additionally, the SST in the marine zone of Oman has gradually increased over the last 30 years, rising by an average of 0.46°C. A spatial distribution analysis of water temperature showed that the lowest and highest SST values occurred in the shallow parts of the sea, particularly at the junction with the Persian Gulf. Furthermore, the shallow areas leading to the Strait of Hormuz in the Gulf of Oman exhibited the greatest temperature fluctuations, reflected in their higher standard deviation values compared to other parts of the sea.

Highlights

- The survey indicated an increasing temperature trend from spring to mid-summer, peaking before the start of the monsoon season, followed by a decreasing trend towards autumn and winter.

- The water surface temperature in the marine zone of the Gulf of Oman has gradually increased over the past 30 years.

- The spatial distribution of sea surface temperature revealed that the minimum and maximum values were observed in the shallow parts of the sea, particularly at the junction with the Persian Gulf.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Azadi, M., Vashani, S., & Hajjam, S. (2012). Probabilistic precipitation forecast using post processing of output of ensemble forecasting system. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 38(3), 203-216. doi: 10.22059/jesphys.2012.29126
Ahmadi, M., Dadashi Roudbari, A. A., Akbari Azirani, T., & Karami, J. (2019). The Performance of the HadGEM2-ES Model in the Evaluation of Seasonal Temperature Anomaly of Iran under RCP scenarios. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 45(3), 625-644.
Alizadeh-Choobari, O., & Najafi, M. S. (2017). Trends and changes in air temperature and precipitation over different regions of Iran. Journal of the Earth and Space Physics, 43(3), 569-584
Anbumozhi, V., Breiling, M., Pathmarajah, S., & Reddy, V. R. (Eds.). (2012). Climate change in Asia and the Pacific: how can countries adapt?. SAGE Publications India
Azizi,Gh. Roshani.M.(2008). Using Mann-Kendall Test to Recognize of Climate Change in Caspian Sea Southern Coasts. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 40(64), 13-28.
Bahri A, Khosravi Y. (2020).Investigation of Long Term Trend of Spatio-Temporal changes of Sea Surface Temperature in Oman Sea; 20 (58) :199-217
Bai, H., Xiao, D., Wang, B., Liu, D. L., Feng, P. & Tang, J. (2020). Multi‐model ensemble of CMIP6 projections for future extreme climate stress on wheat in the North China Plain, International Journal of Climatology, 40, 21-39.
Becker, E., Kirtman, B. P., & Pegion, K. (2020). Evolution of the North American Multi‐Model Ensemble, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, 35-53.
Brooker Peter (2009), Aviation and Climate Change: II-Airport CO2 Emissions, Air Traffic Technology International, 22-25.
Carvalho, K. S., & Wang, S. (2020). Sea surface temperature variability in the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas in a changing climate: Patterns and mechanisms. Global and Planetary Change, 193, 103265.
Gombay, E., & Horvath, L. (1996). On the rate of approximations for maximum likelihood tests in change-point models: Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 56, 120-152.
Halabian, A., Kabiri, K., Safarnejad, M., & Shirani, M. (2022) Effect of sea surface temperature (SST) changes on coral ecosystems in Kish Island. Journal of Oceanography; 13 (50), 59-72
Halder, S., Parekh, A., Chowdary, J. S., Gnanaseelan, C., & Kulkarni, A. (2021). Assessment of CMIP6 models' skill for tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variability. International Journal of Climatology, 41(4), 2568-2588.
Hardy, John T. (2003), Climate Change, Causes, Effects and Solutions, Wiley
.Hassanzadeh, I, Bidakhti, A,Mulla Ismailpour, s, (2006), investigation of surface temperature changes (SST) of the waters of the Persian Gulf and its impact on the climate of coastal areas in 1996-2000, 6th Science and Technology Conference
Hatsuzuka, D., & Sato, T. (2022). Impact of SST on present and future extreme precipitation in Hokkaido investigated considering weather patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 127(9), e2021JD036120.
Herath, S., & Ratnayake, U., (2004). Monitoring rainfall trends, to predict adverse impacts-a case study from Sri Lanka 1964-1993. Global Environ. Change, 14, 71-79.
Heburn, G. W. (1985). Effects of wind versus hydraulic forcing on the dynamics of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Contributions to the Oceanography of the Western Alboran Sea, edited by H. Perkins, NORDA Tech. Note, 315, 73-114.
Jahandideh, M. & Shirvani, A. (2011). Prediction of Persian Gulf water surface temperature using autoregressive processes. Water Resources Engineering, 4(8), 53-62.
Khalili, A. (2000). Report on the country's Jamab project, synthesis report, meteorological season, investigating the possible effect of climate change on the country's water resources, Ministry of Energy.
Khan, S., Piao, S., Khan, I. U., Xu, B., Khan, S., Ismail, M. A., & Song, Y. (2021). Variability of SST and ILD in the Arabian Sea and Sea of Oman in Association with the Monsoon Cycle. Mathematical problems in Engineering, 2021, 1-15.
Khosravi, M., Salighe, M., Sabaghi, B. (2011). The Effects of Oman Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in Autumn and Winter Precipitation of Southeast Coasts of Iran. Geography and Planning, 16(37), 59-81.
Kim, Y. H., .; Min, S. K., .; Zhang, X., .; Sillmann, J., & and Sandstad, M. (2020). Evaluation of the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble for climate extreme indices. Weather and Climate Extremes, 29, 100269.
Kohi, M., & Babaeian, I. (2022). Projections of the Sea Level Rise and Sea Surface Temperature of Pars Sea Region Under SSPs Scenarios. Nivar, 46(116-117), 179-189. doi: 10.30467/nivar.2022.360864.1225
Kolieb, E. H. (2008). Shipping Impacts on Climate: A Source with Solutions. Oceana Protecting the World's Ocean.
Lyon, C., Saupe, E. E., Smith, C. J., Hill, D. J., Beckerman, A. P., Stringer, L. C., ... & Aze, T. (2022). Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100. Global Change Biology, 28(2), 349-361.
Masoudian, S.A. (2010). Weather of Iran, Mashhad: Shariat Tus
Modabari, A; Ansari, E; Nouri, R; Abbasi, M, (2016). Examining the temporal and spatial changes of sea surface temperature of Oman during the last three decades, the fourth international conference on environmental planning and management
Modbery, A., Ansari, E., Nouri, R., & Abbasi, M, (2016). Examining the temporal and spatial changes of sea surface temperature of Oman during the last three decades, The fourth international conference on environmental planning and management.
Mohomi, T. (2022). Impacts of Land Use/Land Cover change on boundary layer climate over eastern South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa)).
Muhammad, S., Memon, A. A., Muneeb, M., & Ghauri, B. (2016). Seasonal and spatial patterns of SST in the northern Arabian Sea during 2001–2012. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 19(1), 17-22.
Mulla Esmailpour, S., Mehdizadeh, M., Hassanzadeh, E., & Khalilabadi, M. (2018). 3D Modeling of Wind-Driven Circulation In The Northern Indian Ocean During, Monsoon. Journal of Oceanography, 10 (38), 17-28
Nabi Bidhandi, Gh., Mohammadnejad, Sh.,  Ebaadi, F. (2006), concepts and consequences of climate change with an overview of Kyoto protocol considerations, Tehran University Press, first edition, 189 p.
Nazem Alsadat, S. M. J., Ghaedamini, H., & Tavakoli, M. (2014). Investigating the climate change diagnostics over the north western parts of the Indian Ocean: The SST analysis for the period 1950-2009. Iranian Journal of Geophysics, 8(2), 26-40.
Riegl, Bernhard. (2002). Effects of the 1996 and 1998 positive sea-surface temperature anomalies on corals, coral diseases and fish in the Arabian Gulf (Dubai, UAE). Marine Biology 140, 29-40
Robles-Tamayo, C. M., Valdez-Holguín, J. E., García-Morales, R., Figueroa-Preciado, G., Herrera-Cervantes, H., López-Martínez, J., & Enríquez-Ocaña, L. F. (2018). Sea surface temperature (SST) variability of the eastern coastal zone of the gulf of California. Remote Sensing, 10(9), 1434.
Salari Fanoodi, mr; Khosravi, m; Tausi, T; Hamidianpur, (2022). Foresight of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Changes in Southeast Iran, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sistan and Baluchistan.
Song, Z., Liu, H., & Chen, X. (2020). Eastern equatorial Pacific SST seasonal cycle in global climate models: From CMIP5 to CMIP6. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 39, 50-60.
Shakiba, A., Amini, M., Barati, G., & Moradi, M. (2018). A synoptic-dynamic analysis of the impact of Mediterranean sea water temperature fluctuations on precipitation in western Iran. Environmental Sciences, 16(2), 83-100.
Torabi Azad, M., & Mohammadi, A. (2015). Study of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) & wind speed over coastal area of Hormozgan Province by satellite data. 10 (3), 81-91.
Torabi Azad, M., Jafari, A., & Sohrabi, Sh. (2010). Investigation of the linear relationship (regression) of temperature increase due to global climate change on the annual average water surface temperature in the coasts of Hormozgan, Marine Sciences and Technology, No. 54
Zakerinejad, R., Movahedi, S., & Jahanian, E. (2022). Investigation of Sea Surface Temperature Changes in the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf Using Satellite Images and Its Comparison with the Caspian Sea Trend. Spatial Planning, 12(4), 65-80.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics