Investigating the effective factors on improving the environmental resilience of coastal cities (Case study: coastal cities of Bushehr province)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph. D student of Shaid Chamran university

2 Isfahan university

3 Boushehr Govermance

Abstract

Coastal cities around the world are increasingly affected by various natural and unnatural hazards that addressing their vulnerability eventually improves resilience. The environmental dimensions of resilience by emphasizing the sustainability of the ecological system of cities improve their resilience against various environmental hazards. Based on the purpose this research is applied type and in order to investigate the factors related to improving the environmental resilience of coastal cities has done in two stages. The study area includes coastal cities of Bushehr province that have a functional role as the county center. The statistical population in the first stage consists of urban management experts and environmental activists and the second stage includes urban resilience specialists. In order to determine the factors related to improving the environmental resilience of coastal cities, the factor analysis method, and in order to determine the weight of each of these factors and assess the environmental resilience of the study area, the method of AHP has been used. Based on the results of factor analysis, the effective factors include "pollution control", "protection of available resources", "population and access to services" and "activity of volunteer groups" that the specific values respectively are 5.23, 3.08, 2.07, 1.50. According to the results of AHP, the factor of "pollution control" is the most important as compared to other factors, and among the coastal cities studied, Bushehr with a weight of 0.420 has the highest and Assaluyeh with a weight of 0.068 has the lowest level of environmental resilience.

Keywords

References

زبردست، اسفندیار (1380). کاربرد «فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی» در برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای، نشریه هنرهای زیبا، 10:  ص 21-13.
صالحی، اسماعیل؛ فرزاد بهتاش، محمدرضا؛ آقا بابایی، محمدتقی؛ سرمدی، هاجر. (1392). بررسی میزان تاب‌آوری محیطی با استفاده از مدل شبکه علیت، فصلنامه محیط‌شناسی،  59 (3): ص 112-99.
بهتاش فرزاد، محمدرضا؛ کی نژاد، محمد علی؛ پیربابایی، محمد تقی؛ عسگری، علی (1392). ارزیابی و تحلیل مولفه‌های تاب‌آوری شهر تبریز، نشریه هنرهای زیبا- معماری و شهرسازی، 3(18): ص 43-33.
Allen, T. R., Crawford, T., Montz, B., Whitehead, J., Lovelace, S., Hanks, A. D., Kearney, G. D. (2019). Linking Water Infrastructure, Public Health, and Sea Level Rise: Integrated Assessment of Flood Resilience in Coastal Cities. Public Works Management & Policy, 24(1), 110–139. 
Aslam Saja.A.M., Goonetilleke.A., Teo. M., Ziyath. A.M. (2019). A critical review of social resilience assessment frameworks in disaster management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Volume 35, April 2019, 101096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101096.
Batty, M. (2008). The Size, Scale, and Shape of Cities. Science 2008, 319, 769–771.
Katrina, B., (2014). Global environmental change I: A social turn for resilience? Progress in Human Geography.Pp:2. 38. 107-117. http://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513498837
Burkett, V., J.O. Codignotto, D.L. Forbes, N. Mimura, R.J. Beamish, V. Ittekkot. (2001). Coastal Zones and Marine Ecosystems. Pp 341-379. In: J. J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken, K. S. White (Eds) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Cicin-Sain, B., Balgos, M., Appiott, J., Wowk, K. and Hamon, G. (2012). Oceans at Rio+20: How Well Are We Doing in Meeting the Commitments from the 1992 Earth Summit and the 2002 [3]. World Summit on Sustainable Development? Summary for Decision Makers. University of Delaware and Global Ocean Forum.
Cimellaro, G. P., Renschler, C., Reinhorn, A, M., and Arendt, L. (2016). “PEOPLES: A Framework for Evaluating Resilience.” Journal of Structural Engineering. ASCE, 142(10).October 2016. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001514
Cimellaro, G. P., Scura, G., Renschler, C., Reinhorn, A, M., and Kim, H. (2014).” Rapid building Damage assessment system using mobile phone technology” Earthquake Enginering and Enginering Vibration, 13(3), 519-533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-014-0259-4
Cutter, L (2016). The landscape of disaster resilience in dicators in the USA, Nat. Hazards 80 (2016)741-758, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1993-2.
Cutter. L, Ash. K. D, Emrich. C.T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience, Glob. Environ. Chang. 29. 65–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gloenvcha.2014.08.005.
Cutter, L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E. and Webb, J., (2008), “A place based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters”, Global Environmental Change, No. 18 (4), pp. 598-606.
DaSilva. J., Moench. M. (2014). City Resilience Index: City Resilience Framework. http://www.seachangecop.org/files/documents/URF_Booklet_Final_for_Bellagio.pdf%5Cnhttp://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/0bb537c0-d872-467f-9470-b20f57c32488.pdf%5Cnhttp://resilientcities.iclei.org/fileadmin/sites/resilient-cities/files/Images_an.
Davoudi, S.; Brooks, E.; Mehmood, A. (2013). Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Plan. Pract. Res. 2013, 28, 307–322.
EPA. (2015). Report on the Environment.” Environmental Resilience: Exploring Scientific Concepts for Strengthening Community Resilience to Disasters”. Public Review Draft. http://cfpub.epa.gov/roe/ (Last accessed 3/25/15).
Eric D., Judy, L. B., Daniel, H., Asmita, T (2012). Urban risk assessments: an approach for understanding disaster and climate risk in cities. Urban Development Series. Washington DC: World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8962-1.
 Godschalk, D. (2003). Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4, 136-143.
Gunderson, L.H.; Holling, C.S. Panarchy. (2001).Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2001; pp. 40–41.
Holling, C.S. (1973).Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4, 1–23. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245].
Hsu, A., L. A. Johnson, and A. Lloyd. (2013). Measuring Progress: A Practical Guide from the Developers of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI). New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy.
Jerry R. Schubel. (1994). Coastal Pollution and Waste Management. National Research Council. 1994. Environmental Science in the Coastal Zone: Issues for Further Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2249.
Kammouh, O., Dervishaj, G., and Cimellaro, G. P. (2017). “A new resilience rating system for countries and state” Procedia Enginering, 198 (2017), 985-998. http://dx.doi.org /10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.144
Kammouh, O., Dervishaj, G., and Cimellaro, G. P. (2018).”Quantitive framework to assesse resilience and risk at the country level.” ASCE-ASME Journal of risk and Uncertainly in Enginering System, Part A: Civil Enginering, 4(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.1061/AJRUA6.0000940.
Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Salvucci, G., Viviroli, D., & Ward, P. J. (2016). Over the hills and further away from coast: global geospatial patterns of human and environment over the 20th-21st centuries. Environmental Research Letters, 11(3), 034010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034010.
Linkov, Igor & Bridges, Todd & Creutzig, Felix & Decker, Jennifer & Fox-Lent, Cate & Kröger, Wolfgang & Lambert, James & Levermann, Anders & Montreuil, Benoit & Nathwani, Jatin & Nyer, Raymond & Renn, Ortwin & Scharte, Benjamin & Scheffler, Alexander & Schreurs, Miranda & Clemen, Thomas. (2014). Changing the resilience paradigm. Nature Climate Change. 4. 407-409. 10.1038/nclimate2227.
Meerow. S, Newell. J.P. (2016). Urban resilience for whom, what, when, where, and why? Urban Geogr. (2016) 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1206395.
Meerow. S., Newell. J.P., Stults. M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: a review, Landsc. Urban Plann. 147 (2016) 38–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011.
Moghadas,M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., Kötter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction Volume 35, April 2019, 101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069.
Moghim. S., Garna.R.K. (2018). Countries' classification by environmental resilience. Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 230, 15 January 2019, Pages 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.090
Ofiara D. and Seneca, J. (2006). Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 844-864.
Phan, N. D., Lee, Ch., Miles, T. (2018). Resilient transport systems to reduce urban vulnerability to floods in emerging-coastal cities: A case study of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Travel Behaviour and Society. Volume 15, April 2019, Pages 28-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2018.11.001
Saaty. T.L. (1980). The Analytical Hierarchy Process, Planning, and priority, Resource Allocation, USA: RWS Publication, 1980.Pp:8.
Simonovic, Slobodan & Peck, Angela. (2013). Dynamic Resilience to Climate Change Caused Natural Disasters in Coastal Megacities Quantification Framework. British Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 3. 378-401. 10.9734/BJECC/2013/2504.
Sharifi, A.; Yamagata, Y. (2014).Major Principles and Criteria for Developing an Urban Resilience Assessment Index.In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), Pattaya, Thailand, 19–21 March 2014.
Sooriyaarachchi. P., Sandika, A., Madawanarachchi, N. (2018). Coastal community resilience level of Tsunami prone area: a case study in Sri Lanka. Procedia Engineering. 212. 683-690. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.088
Teigão dos Santos, Fernando & Partidário, Maria. (2011). SPARK: Strategic Planning Approach for Resilience Keeping. European Planning Studies - EUR PLAN STUD. 19. 1517-1536. 10.1080/09654313.2011.533515.
TRF (The Rockefeller Foundation). (2013). Vulnerable Natural Infrastructure in Urban Coastal Zones. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/report/vulnerable-natural-infrastructure-in-urban-coastal-zones/
TNC (The Nature Conservancy). (2015), Urban Coastal Resilience: Valuing Nature’s Role. CASE STUDY: HOWARD BEACH, QUEENS, NEW YORK.
UNISDR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction), (2009). UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. doi:978-600-6937-11-3.
Walker, B. and Salt, D. (2006) Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
WEF (world economic forum). (2017). the Global Risks Report 201712th Edition. Pp: 38.
Weichselgartner. J., Kelman, I. (2015). Geographies of resilience: challenges and opportunities of a descriptive concept, Prog. Hum. Geogr. 39 (2015) 249–267, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834.
Wood, J. Gendebien, A. (2005). WFD Common Implementation Strategies The impacts of coastal flooding, Flood mapping and planning, European action program on flood risk management.
Resilience Alliance (2013): http://www.resalliance.org/576.php.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics