An Explanation of the Impact of Changes in climate elements on the land use changes in the Karoon River Basin

Document Type : Research article - extracted from the dissertation

Authors

1 Phd Student in Climatology, Department of Geography, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Geography, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Geography, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Precipitation and temperature are important elements of climate. Changes in these elements can have a significant impact on the changes in other environmental components, including changes in land use. This study aimed to investigate the long-term changes in temperature and precipitation in the Karun basin. Then the probable relationship between these changes and land use changes was investigated. Therefore, the daily temperature and precipitation data from 177 synoptic stations and 230 rain gauge stations were prepared from 1972 to 2014. Daily maps were made up of 4 x 4 km, using the kriging interpolation method. Due to the climatic and spatial diversity of the Karun, the basin was divided into 12 smaller sub-basins. Using google earth engine (GEE) and using the digital data of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 series satellites, TM, and OLI/TIRS sensors, land use maps were extracted by calculating the mean of each use. For the classification of images, the algorithm of the minimum distance from the mean was used for several years (1987 - 1997 - 2007-2018). To monitor the temporal changes in land use, the dynamic model of land use was also used. The results of the research showed that in the high basins of Karun, the variation in the climatic elements played a significant role in land use changes. In the sub-basins of Karon, the decrease in rainfall over time has had a destructive effect on the degradation of forests, pastures, water levels, and water agriculture in the region. So that in recent years, the amount of destruction of forests and pastures has reached its peak and it is mostly dedicated to aquatic cultivation. The drilling of deep and semi-deep wells and the unprincipled exploitation of the underground water have also caused that over time, Karun faces surface and underground water crises and as a result many economic, agricultural, and social crises.
Using google earth engine (GEE) and landsat 5,7,8 images, land use maps were produced. For classification of images, the algorithm minimum distance of mean was used for years of 1987 - 1997 - 2007. In order to monitoring changes of land use, land use dynamics model was used. The results showed that in the Karun basin, the variation of climate elements has a significant role in land use changes. In the Karun, precipitation reduction had negative effects on the degradation of forests, pastures, water levels and aquatic agriculture. So, the destruction of forests and pastures has been increased. The Welles and exploiting the groundwater led the Karun into the surface of the surface and underground water crisis.
 
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The increasing world population, greenhouse gases emission, and land use changes through dam construction, deforestation, desertification, etc., have caused changes in the climate system. These changes can be effective along with positive feedback on the natural ecosystems and the activity of human societies. Precipitation and temperature are important elements of climate. Precipitation and air temperature are important elements of climate. The change of these two elements can have a significant impact on the changes of other environmental components, including changes in land use. In this study, the temperature and precipitation trend in the Karun basin has been investigated. Then, the possible relation among these changes, temperature, and precipitation was evaluated by examining the decade-long changes in land use.
Methodology
To achieve the objectives of the research, two types of data including ground data and satellite data were used. GEE system was used to monitor land use changes on the surface of the earth using Landsat satellite images. Also, Kendall's test was used to identify the trend of climatic elements. To detect the land use changes, the classification algorithm of minimum distance from the mean was used. Using the dynamic model, the changes in the time series of users were evaluated.
Results and discussion
The fluctuations and multiple collisions of Mann-Kendall diagrams showed that precipitation has varying behavior. Changes can be seen in mountain basins such as sub-basins 2, 3, and 4. As the height decreases, the amount of fluctuations is significantly reduced. This shows that height has an influential role in the rainfall changes in the region. The results of classification showed that considerable variation has occurred in subbasins land use. Most changes have been related to changes in water levels, arid regions, and forests. The impact of human activity, including afforestation and the development of hydroponics, the conversion of pastures into agricultural lands, increases the risk of floods, fires, soil erosion, and the entry of polluting substances into water sources.
Conclusion
In the Karun basin, the decrease in rainfall over time has had a destructive effect on the reduction of forests, pastures, water levels and water agriculture in the region. So that during the last decade, the amount of destruction of forests and pastures has reached its peak and more is devoted to dryland farming. Also, the occurrence of these changes has led to an increase in the extent of arid areas in the region over time and has reached the maximum possible extent in recent years. In the Karun basin, taking into account that the area under cultivation of irrigated crops has increased and the amount of water in the region has decreased over time, it can be expected that the huge amount of water demand for irrigated cultivation and the lack of water will lead to water stress in the future. The increase in cultivation areas has been in line with the destruction of forests to be used in the agricultural sector. Therefore, from year to year, the extent of forests in the Karun region has decreased.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
The authors contribute equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All authors approved the content of the article submitted for review and agree on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

Highlights

- Temperature and precipitation in the Karun catchment have had long-term changes.

- Land use has changed.

Keywords

References

Adger, W. N., Pulhin, J. M., Barnett, J., Dabelko, G. D., Hovelsrud, G. K., Levy, M. (2014). Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, Provides a human security perspective on the nexus of climate change and violent conflict.
Afkhami, M., Shariat, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Ghadiri, H., and Nabizadeh, R. (2007). Regional water quality management for the Karun–Dez River basin, Iran. Water and Environment Journal, 21, pp. 192–199. [In Persian]
Afzali, R., Pishgahifard, Z., Zarei, B., and Rahmani, M. (2017). Geopolitical pathology of Iran's water resources management in the southwestern watershed of the country: Karkhe and Karun Bozor rivers. Social and Cultural Strategy Quarterly, 6 (23), pp. 105-140. [In Persian]
Alavi Panah, S. K. (2013). Application of remote sensing in earth sciences (soil sciences). Fourth edition, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [In Persian]
Berckmans, J., Hamdi, R., Dendoncker, N. (2019). Bridging the Gap Between Policy-Driven Land Use Changes and Regional Climate Projections. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 10.1029/2018JD029207.
Biró. M., Szitár, K., Horváth, F., Bagi, I., and Molnár, Zs. (2013). Detection of long-term landscape changes and trajectories in a Pannonian sand region: comparing land-cover and habitat-based approaches at two spatial scales. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, 14 (2): pp. 219-230.
Boix-Fayos. C., Barberá. G. G., López-Bermúdez, F., Castillo, V. M. (2007). Effects of check dams, reforestation and land-use changes on river channel morphology (Case study of the Rogativa catchment (Murcia, Spain)). Geomorphology, 91: pp. 103-123.
Byzedi, M., Saghafian, B., Mohammadi, K. h., Siosemard, M. (2014). Regional analysis of streamflow drought: a case study in southwestern Iran. Environ Earth Sci, 71: pp. 2955-2972.
CAO, Y., Wei, Z., Jing, W., and Chun, Y. (2011). Spatial temporal Pattern and Differences of Land Use Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China during. Journal of Mountain Science, 8: pp. 551-563.
Chatterjee, S., Dipak, B., Ansar, K. h. (2014). Detection of Approximate Potential Trend Turning Points in Temperature Time Series (1941-2010) for Asansol Weather Observation Station, West Bengal, India. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4, 64-69.
Dashtbozorgi, A., Alijani, B., Jafarpour, Z., and Shakiba, A. (2015). Simulation of temperature limit indices of Khuzestan province based on RCP scenarios. Geography and Environmental Hazards, 4 (16), pp. 105-123. [In Persian]
Davoudirad, A., Sadeghi, S. H., and Saaduddin, A. (2015). Monitoring periodic and spatial changes of land use in Shazand watershed. Ecohydrology, 2 (4), pp. 405-415. [In Persian]
Dehdari, S., Armand, N., Faraji, M. and Arman, N. (2018). Revealing land use changes of Karun 3 and 4 dams using satellite images, pasture and watershed. Journal of Natural Resources of Iran, 71 (1), pp. 85-96. [In Persian]
Dehghani, M., Saghafian, B., Rivaz, F., Khodadadi, A. (2015). Monthly stream flow forecasting via dynamic spatio-temporal models. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 29: pp. 861-874. [In Persian]
Dengshuai, C., Li, J., Zhou, Z., Liu, Y., Li, T., and Jingya, L. (2018). Simulating and mapping the spatial and seasonal effects of future climate and land -use changes on ecosystem services in the Yanh watershed, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 25: 1115-1131.
Farrokhzadeh, B., Chobeh, S., Nouri, Hamid and Gudarzi, Massoud (2018). Investigating the effect of climate change and land use on the surface runoff of the Baliqlo tea basin in Ardabil. Watershed Engineering and Management, 10 (3), pp. 331-318. [In Persian]
Froese, R.,  Janpeter, S. (2019). The Nexus of Climate Change, Land Use, and Conflicts. Current Climate Change Reports, 5: pp. 24–35.
Hashemifard, A., Kordavani, P., and Asadian, F. (2018). Analysis of the effects of pollutants of human origin on the water quality of the Karun River. Regional planning, year 8 (30), pp. 155-164. [In Persian]
Henderson, S. (1994). Land-Use Change And Climate. Land Degradation & Rehabilitation, Vol 5. pp.107-126.
Henry, J., Vaux, J. r.,  Deborah, B., Edward, R., Cook, P, Gleick, W., Lau, K. M., Levy, M., Elizabeth, L. et al. (2012). Himalayan Glaciers: Climate Change, Water Resources, And Water Security. The National Academies Press. [In Persian]
Homsi, M. S., Yarahmadi, D., Onegh, M., and Shamsipour, A. (2018). Assessment of climate change and land use and presentation of a proposed low-carbon program in the Kashan plain watershed. Natural Geographic Research, 51 (4), pp. 613-632. [In Persian]
Jensen, J. (2015). INTRODUCTORY DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING A Remote Sensing Perspective. University of South Carolina, ISBN.
Jianwei, L., Zhang, C., Limin, K., and Zhou, Q. (2017). Effects of Climate and Land Use Changes on Water Resources in the Taoer River. Advances in Meteorology, Volume 2017, Article ID 1031854, 13 pages.
Kayet, N., Khanindra, P., Abhisek, C., and Satiprasad, S. (2016). Spatial impact of land use/land cover change on surface temperature distribution in Saranda Forest, Jharkhand " Model. Earth Syst. Environ.
Kendall, M. G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods. Hafner, New York.
Lafta, A. A. (2022). Numerical assessment of Karun river influence on salinity intrusion in the Shatt Al‑Arab river estuary, northwest of Arabian Gulf. Applied Water Science, 12: 124.
Lioubimtseva. E., Cole, R., Adams, J. M., Kapusti, G. (2005). Impacts of climate and land-cover changes in arid lands of Central Asia. Journal of Arid Environments, 62, pp. 285-308.
Madelene, O., Chen, D. (2006). Land-use change: Impacts of climate variations and policies among small-scale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China. Land Use Policy, 23 (2006): pp. 361-371.
Marufnejad, A., Ghasemi, S. h. (2016). The trend of temperature changes using the Mann-Kendall method (case study: four cities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces). environment simulation, No. 37, pp. 149-166. [In Persian]
Meyer, W, B., Turner, B. L. (1996). Land-use/land-cover change: challenges for geographers. Get Journal, 39 (3), pp. 237-240.
Mitchell, J. M., Dzerdzeevskii, B., Flohn, H., Hofmeyr, W. L., Lamb, H. H., Rao, K. N., and Wallen, C. C. (1999). Climate change. WMO Technical Note No. 79. World Meteorological Organization.
Mohammad-Ismail, Z. (2010). Monitoring land use changes in Karaj using remote sensing technique. Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), No. 1, pp. 81-88. [In Persian]
Noel, G., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., Moore, R. (2016). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202 (3). DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
Noroozy. G. (1996). Water erosion in Iranian watershed, forest and pasture, vol. 32. [In Persian]
Nourani, V., Mano, A. (2007). Semi‐distributed flood runoff model at the subcontinental scale for southwestern Iran. Hydrological Processes: An International Journal, 21 (23), pp. 3173-3180.
Pilgrim, .C. M., Mikhailova, E. A.,  Post, C. J.,  and Hains, J. J. (2014). Spatial and temporal analysis of land cover changes and water quality in the Lake Issaqueena watershed, South Carolina. Environ Monit Assess, 186: 7617-7630.
Qu, R., Cui, X., Yan, H., Ma, E., and Zhan, J. (2013). Impacts of Land Cover Change on the Near-Surface Temperature in the North China Plain. Advances in Meteorology, Volume 2013.
Rasouli, A. (2014). principles of applied remote sensing satellite image processing. Tabriz university press. [In Persian]
Rastmanesh, F., Barati-haghighi, T., Zarasvandi, A. (2020). Assessment of the impact of 2019 Karun River flood on river sediment in Ahvaz city area, Iran. Environ Monit Assess,192: 659. [In Persian]
Raupach, T. H., Martius, O., Allen, J. T., Kunz, M., Lasher-Trapp, S., Mohr, S., Rasmussen, K. L., Trapp, R. J., Zhang, Q. (2021). The effects of climate change on hailstorms. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment.
Selajegheh, A., Razavizadeh, S., Khorasani, N., Hamidifar, M., and Selajegheh, S. (2011). Land use changes and their effects on river water quality (Karkheh watershed). Environment, 37 (58), pp. 81-86. [In Persian]
Shelestov, A., Lavreniuk, M., Kussul, N., Novikov, A., Skakun, S. (2017). Exploring Google Earth Engine platform for big data processing: Classification of multi-temporal satellite imagery for crop mapping. Frontiers in Earth Science, 5 (7): pp. 1-17.
Tabari, H. (2020). Climate change impact on flood and extreme precipitation increases with water availability, Nature, Scientific RepoRtS, 10: 13768. [In Persian]
Velayati, S., Kadivar, A. A. (2006). Environmental problems of forests and pastures in Iran and the consequences. Geography and Regional Development, 7: pp 53-72. [In Persian]
Wahap, N. A., Shafri-Helmi. Z. M. (2020). Utilization of Google Earth Engine (GEE) for land cover monitoring over Klang Valley, Malaysia. Earth and Environmental Science, 540.
Yousefi, S., Mirzaee, S., Keesstra, S., Surian, N., Pourghasemi, H. R., Zakizadeh, H. R., and Tabibian, S. (2018). Effects of an extreme flood on river morphology (case study: Karoon River, Iran). Geomorphology, 304, pp. 30-39. [In Persian]
Yousefi, S., Pourghasemi, H. R., Hooke, J., Navratil, O., and Kidová, A. (2016). Changes in morphometric meander parameters identified on the Karoon River, Iran, using remote sensing data. Geomorphology, 271: pp. 55-64. [In Persian]
Yulong, Z., Song, C., Zhang, K., Cheng, X., Band, L. E., and Zhang, Q. (2019). Effects of land use/land cover and climate changes on terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, DOI:10.1002/2014JG002616.
Zandifar, S., Fijani, E., Naeimi, M., Ebrahimi-Khusfi, Z. (2021). Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Drought, Case Study: Karun Watershed. water and soil science, 31 (3), pp. 101-118. [In Persian]
Zhao, M., Xinmin, Z. (2002). A Theoretical Analysis on the Local Climate Change Induced by the Change of Landuse. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 19 (1).
Zhao. X., Tan, K., Zhao, S., and Fang, J. (2011). Changing climate affects vegetation growth in the arid region of the northwestern China. Journal of Arid Environments, 75.
ZHU, H., Xiu-bin, L., Shu-jin, H., Ming, Z., (2001). Land use change in Bohai Rim: a spatial-temporal analysis. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 11 (3).
Zhuo, W., Dai, E., Wu, Z., and Lin, M. (2019). Future forest dynamics under climate change, land use change, and harvest in subtropical forests in Southern. ChinaLandscape Ecol, 34: pp. 843-863.
Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal
Volume 3, Issue 4 - Serial Number 11
February 2023
Pages 69-89

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics