University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Assessing the Environmental Hazards of the Coasts of the Oman Sea: An Assessment Based on a Participatory Approach Assessing the Environmental Hazards of the Coasts of the Oman Sea: An Assessment Based on a Participatory Approach 1 17 5939 10.22124/gscaj.2022.21089.1127 FA Mortezā Esmāilnejād Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Birjand University, Birjan, Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The coasts of the Oman Sea are known as one of the most prone areas to climatic disasters. The geographical location of the country in the desert and earthquake belt of the world, as well as the tropical and subtropical climate transition zone, has caused it to repeatedly experience severe environmental events such as floods, storms, droughts, river erosion, sea level rise, salinity, etc. This region is very vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters caused by weather. This study identifies the potential hazards due to climate change, vulnerability, capacity, and risk associated with them on the Oman Sea coast and examines the existing strategies for disaster risk reduction. This study has evaluated the climatic hazards of coastal areas by descriptive-analytical method, using field techniques and questionnaires with a participatory approach, and analyzed the dimensions of vulnerability, risk probability, hazards, and the capacity of the local community. The target community is the villages located on the coast of the Oman Sea from Bandar Gwder to the westernmost coastal point of Sistan and Baluchistan province. The number of these villages is 15. The sample was 151 households. The results showed that this region's most important climatic hazards are floods, storms, and salinization of water sources, and the level of vulnerability in these villages is high. Rainwater collection by hotspots, risk awareness, vocational training for new businesses, and government assistance are strategies that can reduce the area's vulnerability to hazards. Extended Abstract Introduction The phenomenon of climate change has many negative effects on various systems, such as water resources, environment, industry, health, agriculture, and all systems that interact with the climate system. During the past two decades, the people of the coasts of the Oman Sea have been facing increasing vulnerability due to multiple risks, including the flood of 2018, the Shaheen storm in 2014, etc. This risk is the possibility of a hazard turning into a disaster that severely affects families or communities. The lives and livelihoods of vulnerable communities are seriously disrupted beyond their ability to cope or resist using their resources. As a result, the affected population suffers serious human, material, economic or environmental losses. The coastal region of the Oman Sea is highly vulnerable to natural hazards such as floods, hurricanes, cyclones, tidal waves, typhoons, river banks, and coastal erosion due to its unique environmental characteristics. This research evaluates the probability of risks in different sectors by identifying the risk factors and potential management policies to reduce climate-related disasters. This study aimed to conduct a risk assessment for the community at risk in the coastal area of Chabahar and the Oman Sea and seeks to identify possible risk reduction strategies. This study aimed to explore people's understanding of risk, vulnerability, and capacities and to analyze risk; also, strategies to reduce the risk of possible disasters would be investigated. Methodology It is a descriptive-analytical study. The research sample was selected using a simple and multi-stage random sampling method. In the first stage, 14 population points (villages) from 45 coastal villages (coastline up to 10 km from the coast of the Oman Sea) were randomly selected. The total number of households in these three villages is 421 households (Iran Statistics Center, 2015). It was tried that the selected samples cover most of the coastal areas. Therefore, the required sample size was 140. Finally, the research sample included 151 households. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed considering various indicators to collect household data. Thus, the household survey was mainly designed as a closed questionnaire with limited options. The questionnaire was divided into four different parts: (1) socio-economic characteristics of the respondents; (2) perception, knowledge, and attitude related to risks and vulnerability; (3) household assets and livelihood strategies (4) shocks, stresses, and coping strategies to adapt to climate changes. Results and discussion About 60% of respondents reported that they were exposed to various natural hazards throughout the year. More than 90 percent of respondents stated that floods and storms and water stress have increased, followed by increased salinity intrusion, river erosion, and dust storms. Also, 66, 46, and 45% of the respondents put heavy rainfall, drought, and pest attack in the middle categories. About 71-78% of the respondents emphasized that poor road infrastructure, high dependence on nature for income, vulnerable shelter to storms and floods, and fluctuating and declining wage rates were aspects of increased vulnerability. The vulnerabilities of this area are strongly related to the increase in the tendency to obtain high-interest loans, the increase in the number of non-fishing days, the lack of health awareness, and the unsustainable growth of shrimp farming in salt water inside the ponds, and lack of disaster preparedness. Among the 12 capacity variables, the most important aspect is disseminating early warning messages about storm and flood risks. More than 90% of the respondents said that publishing reports and forecasts of the Rapid Warning Center of the General Directorate of Meteorology of Sistan and Baluchistan were useful and important for publishing information about the storm. Also, about 65% of the respondents mentioned that the people of this city have migrated to other cities or regions to earn better income. The findings showed that structural mitigation measures such as the construction of hazard shelters, storm warning systems, etc. are very important to reduce disaster risk at the community level. Levees play a vital role in protecting coastal people and their property during storm surges. As a result, several hectares of agricultural land in this area were damaged. Conclusion Findings showed that coastal flooding, river overflowing, salinity intrusion, river bank erosion, and storm were the most common hazards in the study area. Also, the results showed that storms, erosion of river banks, and salt intrusion are the main factors of vulnerability in the study area. The assessment of capacities showed that the society has less capacity to deal with the erosion of river banks, storms, and floods. There are many effective ways to increase risk resilience at the government and household levels, but they are not enough. The most important measures that reduce vulnerability include building more storm shelters. Building a disaster-resistant house; construction or improving dams; construction or improving communication ways; improving the rainwater harvesting system; providing community-based health facilities; alternative livelihoods; and arranging sector-based training systems to create self-employment and home-based businesses. Funding The author received no financial support for the research. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. The coasts of the Oman Sea are known as one of the most prone areas to climatic disasters. The geographical location of the country in the desert and earthquake belt of the world, as well as the tropical and subtropical climate transition zone, has caused it to repeatedly experience severe environmental events such as floods, storms, droughts, river erosion, sea level rise, salinity, etc. This region is very vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters caused by weather. This study identifies the potential hazards due to climate change, vulnerability, capacity, and risk associated with them on the Oman Sea coast and examines the existing strategies for disaster risk reduction. This study has evaluated the climatic hazards of coastal areas by descriptive-analytical method, using field techniques and questionnaires with a participatory approach, and analyzed the dimensions of vulnerability, risk probability, hazards, and the capacity of the local community. The target community is the villages located on the coast of the Oman Sea from Bandar Gwder to the westernmost coastal point of Sistan and Baluchistan province. The number of these villages is 15. The sample was 151 households. The results showed that this region's most important climatic hazards are floods, storms, and salinization of water sources, and the level of vulnerability in these villages is high. Rainwater collection by hotspots, risk awareness, vocational training for new businesses, and government assistance are strategies that can reduce the area's vulnerability to hazards. Extended Abstract Introduction The phenomenon of climate change has many negative effects on various systems, such as water resources, environment, industry, health, agriculture, and all systems that interact with the climate system. During the past two decades, the people of the coasts of the Oman Sea have been facing increasing vulnerability due to multiple risks, including the flood of 2018, the Shaheen storm in 2014, etc. This risk is the possibility of a hazard turning into a disaster that severely affects families or communities. The lives and livelihoods of vulnerable communities are seriously disrupted beyond their ability to cope or resist using their resources. As a result, the affected population suffers serious human, material, economic or environmental losses. The coastal region of the Oman Sea is highly vulnerable to natural hazards such as floods, hurricanes, cyclones, tidal waves, typhoons, river banks, and coastal erosion due to its unique environmental characteristics. This research evaluates the probability of risks in different sectors by identifying the risk factors and potential management policies to reduce climate-related disasters. This study aimed to conduct a risk assessment for the community at risk in the coastal area of Chabahar and the Oman Sea and seeks to identify possible risk reduction strategies. This study aimed to explore people's understanding of risk, vulnerability, and capacities and to analyze risk; also, strategies to reduce the risk of possible disasters would be investigated. Methodology It is a descriptive-analytical study. The research sample was selected using a simple and multi-stage random sampling method. In the first stage, 14 population points (villages) from 45 coastal villages (coastline up to 10 km from the coast of the Oman Sea) were randomly selected. The total number of households in these three villages is 421 households (Iran Statistics Center, 2015). It was tried that the selected samples cover most of the coastal areas. Therefore, the required sample size was 140. Finally, the research sample included 151 households. A semi-structured questionnaire was designed considering various indicators to collect household data. Thus, the household survey was mainly designed as a closed questionnaire with limited options. The questionnaire was divided into four different parts: (1) socio-economic characteristics of the respondents; (2) perception, knowledge, and attitude related to risks and vulnerability; (3) household assets and livelihood strategies (4) shocks, stresses, and coping strategies to adapt to climate changes. Results and discussion About 60% of respondents reported that they were exposed to various natural hazards throughout the year. More than 90 percent of respondents stated that floods and storms and water stress have increased, followed by increased salinity intrusion, river erosion, and dust storms. Also, 66, 46, and 45% of the respondents put heavy rainfall, drought, and pest attack in the middle categories. About 71-78% of the respondents emphasized that poor road infrastructure, high dependence on nature for income, vulnerable shelter to storms and floods, and fluctuating and declining wage rates were aspects of increased vulnerability. The vulnerabilities of this area are strongly related to the increase in the tendency to obtain high-interest loans, the increase in the number of non-fishing days, the lack of health awareness, and the unsustainable growth of shrimp farming in salt water inside the ponds, and lack of disaster preparedness. Among the 12 capacity variables, the most important aspect is disseminating early warning messages about storm and flood risks. More than 90% of the respondents said that publishing reports and forecasts of the Rapid Warning Center of the General Directorate of Meteorology of Sistan and Baluchistan were useful and important for publishing information about the storm. Also, about 65% of the respondents mentioned that the people of this city have migrated to other cities or regions to earn better income. The findings showed that structural mitigation measures such as the construction of hazard shelters, storm warning systems, etc. are very important to reduce disaster risk at the community level. Levees play a vital role in protecting coastal people and their property during storm surges. As a result, several hectares of agricultural land in this area were damaged. Conclusion Findings showed that coastal flooding, river overflowing, salinity intrusion, river bank erosion, and storm were the most common hazards in the study area. Also, the results showed that storms, erosion of river banks, and salt intrusion are the main factors of vulnerability in the study area. The assessment of capacities showed that the society has less capacity to deal with the erosion of river banks, storms, and floods. There are many effective ways to increase risk resilience at the government and household levels, but they are not enough. The most important measures that reduce vulnerability include building more storm shelters. Building a disaster-resistant house; construction or improving dams; construction or improving communication ways; improving the rainwater harvesting system; providing community-based health facilities; alternative livelihoods; and arranging sector-based training systems to create self-employment and home-based businesses. Funding The author received no financial support for the research. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5939_d85f00c045f32ebe0522b8dbb57441cb.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Investigating the Tendency of Investors Toward Building Smartening Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (Case study: Coastal areas of Māzandarān Province) Investigating the Tendency of Investors Toward Building Smartening Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (Case study: Coastal areas of Māzandarān Province) 19 36 5940 10.22124/gscaj.2022.21556.1146 FA Ashkān Khatibi PhD student in specialized architecture Department of Architecture, Zanjan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran. Majid Shahbāzi Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Zanjan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran. Zohreh Torābi Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Zanjan branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran. Journal Article 2022 01 17 In recent decades, along with the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the smartening of buildings has increased in developed countries. Yet, despite targeting the country's development plans in Iran, investors have not shown much interest in working in this field. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the tendency of investors toward building technology-based construction and use the TAM model to investigate the relationship between technology acceptance and the amount of investment in the intelligent building industry. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. Data were collected using the library method and questionnaire tools. The research population included activists in the field of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the research population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. The findings confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the "trust" variable and "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," and "attitude" variables in the research model. Given respondents' lack of trust in intelligent building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the research population. Given the lack of trust of respondents in smart building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the statistical community. This has led to their unwillingness to accept this technology in the construction industry, as building intelligence has a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān, which can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of intelligent building technology and lack of proper information. Extended Abstract Introduction With the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the issues related to the environment and the energy consumption have become very important. Using renewable resources and smartening building technology by reducing human dependence on mechanical facilities has led to major changes in lifestyle and interactions with the environment. In addition to optimizing energy consumption, this technology leads to rational and sensible energy use. Comprehensive control significantly reduces losses due to the depreciation of building facilities and equipment. In recent years, along with population growth and concentration of people in coastal cities of the world in order to create industrial hubs and free tourism zones, reconstruction activities and large investments in these areas have also increased. In such a situation where the ground is ready for investment, due to the extremely suitable climatic qualities of the coastal areas for the use of renewable energy and the construction of intelligent buildings, we can take a step towards the spread of this industry. For this purpose, if the community of consultants, contractors, and construction executives have sufficient knowledge and awareness in the field of smartening building systems, by transferring this information and their comprehensive guidance to the investors about the usefulness of the intelligent buildings, they will drive investment towards the intelligent buildings. The issue that arises is the acceptance of intelligent technology by the active community of the construction industry. Why people adopt or refuse to accept and resist technology is one of the most important issues in technology. Considering that various factors are involved in the acceptance of new technology in society that without them, it can lead to failure and the difference of factors according to the technology, users, and existing conditions; the authors of the present study tried to investigate the acceptance status of intelligent technology in the construction of coastal areas of Māzandarān province and identify the factors of acceptance or non-acceptance. Therefore, the first question arose: How much is the acceptance of intelligent building technology in the coastal cities of Māzandarān province? Is there a significant relationship between technology adoption and investment in the intelligent building industry? Methodology The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational methodology. The research population included consultants, contractors, investors, and mass builders of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. Due to the time constraints of the research, sampling was done by random cluster sampling, and data collection was done using library research and questionnaire. Considering the quantitative nature of this research and the use of the integrated TAM model along with the trust variable, it was necessary to examine the model fit, in which structural equation modeling was used. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the rseach population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. Results and discussion Findings showed that the variables "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," "trust," and "attitude" have taken significant conditions. That is, at the 95% confidence level, the P-value in all variables was less than 0.05, indicating the confirmation of all research hypotheses. Therefore, in the presented research model, the "perception of ease" affected the "perception of usefulness," "attitude," and "trust," whose coefficients were (0.27), (0.20), and (0.23), respectively. The variable of "Perception of usefulness" also affects "trust" and "attitude" with path coefficients of (0.32) and (0.27). Meanwhile, the variable of "trust" with a path coefficient of (0.30) affects the attitude, and the variable of "attitude" with a path coefficient of (0.40) affects the variable of "willingness to use." The results of field studies also confirmed the inferential findings of the research and showed that smartening the buildings and using new technologies have a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān. This showed that a large number of people in the research population understand and are aware of the convenience and usefulness of intelligent technologies. But due to their lack of trust in this technology, they do not have a positive attitude towards it. This has led to their disapproval of this technology in the construction industry, as even predicting its use in the future is far from their expectations. Of course, this lack of trust in technology can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness about its benefits and lack of proper information. Conclusion Basically, appropriate technology policy-making is practically impossible regardless of the obstacles and difficulties of its development. This also applies to smartening buildings with the approach of using renewable energy. In order to identify the problems and provide appropriate solutions to overcome them, the present study examined the factors affecting the acceptance of intelligent building technology and, consequently, the tendency of construction industry activists to this technology in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. Here, an optimal model was obtained by adding the "trust" variable to Davis's "technology acceptance" model to investigate the factors affecting technology acceptance. The results of investigating the relationship among the variables in this integrated model showed that construction industry activists' positive attitude toward intelligent building technology was closely related to their perception of the qualities and benefits of smartening buildings. Meanwhile, the " trust " variable with a positive and direct effect on people's attitudes increases their willingness to use technology. Generally, it can be concluded that trust in technology can affect the willingness to use technology, so the direct and positive impact of the "trust" variable on people's tendency to invest in the intelligent building industry is explained in the proposed research model. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the investors, consultants, and builders of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province who cooperated in completing the questionnaire and answering the questions. In recent decades, along with the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the smartening of buildings has increased in developed countries. Yet, despite targeting the country's development plans in Iran, investors have not shown much interest in working in this field. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the tendency of investors toward building technology-based construction and use the TAM model to investigate the relationship between technology acceptance and the amount of investment in the intelligent building industry. This research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. Data were collected using the library method and questionnaire tools. The research population included activists in the field of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the research population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using the Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. The findings confirmed the existence of a significant relationship between the "trust" variable and "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," and "attitude" variables in the research model. Given respondents' lack of trust in intelligent building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the research population. Given the lack of trust of respondents in smart building technology, there is not a very positive attitude towards technology among the statistical community. This has led to their unwillingness to accept this technology in the construction industry, as building intelligence has a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān, which can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness of the benefits of intelligent building technology and lack of proper information. Extended Abstract Introduction With the growth of technology and its entry into the construction industry, the issues related to the environment and the energy consumption have become very important. Using renewable resources and smartening building technology by reducing human dependence on mechanical facilities has led to major changes in lifestyle and interactions with the environment. In addition to optimizing energy consumption, this technology leads to rational and sensible energy use. Comprehensive control significantly reduces losses due to the depreciation of building facilities and equipment. In recent years, along with population growth and concentration of people in coastal cities of the world in order to create industrial hubs and free tourism zones, reconstruction activities and large investments in these areas have also increased. In such a situation where the ground is ready for investment, due to the extremely suitable climatic qualities of the coastal areas for the use of renewable energy and the construction of intelligent buildings, we can take a step towards the spread of this industry. For this purpose, if the community of consultants, contractors, and construction executives have sufficient knowledge and awareness in the field of smartening building systems, by transferring this information and their comprehensive guidance to the investors about the usefulness of the intelligent buildings, they will drive investment towards the intelligent buildings. The issue that arises is the acceptance of intelligent technology by the active community of the construction industry. Why people adopt or refuse to accept and resist technology is one of the most important issues in technology. Considering that various factors are involved in the acceptance of new technology in society that without them, it can lead to failure and the difference of factors according to the technology, users, and existing conditions; the authors of the present study tried to investigate the acceptance status of intelligent technology in the construction of coastal areas of Māzandarān province and identify the factors of acceptance or non-acceptance. Therefore, the first question arose: How much is the acceptance of intelligent building technology in the coastal cities of Māzandarān province? Is there a significant relationship between technology adoption and investment in the intelligent building industry? Methodology The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational methodology. The research population included consultants, contractors, investors, and mass builders of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. Due to the time constraints of the research, sampling was done by random cluster sampling, and data collection was done using library research and questionnaire. Considering the quantitative nature of this research and the use of the integrated TAM model along with the trust variable, it was necessary to examine the model fit, in which structural equation modeling was used. After confirming the validity and reliability, the questionnaires were randomly distributed among 160 members of the rseach population. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson correlation parametric test in SPSS25 and AMOS software. Results and discussion Findings showed that the variables "perception of usefulness," "perception of ease," "trust," and "attitude" have taken significant conditions. That is, at the 95% confidence level, the P-value in all variables was less than 0.05, indicating the confirmation of all research hypotheses. Therefore, in the presented research model, the "perception of ease" affected the "perception of usefulness," "attitude," and "trust," whose coefficients were (0.27), (0.20), and (0.23), respectively. The variable of "Perception of usefulness" also affects "trust" and "attitude" with path coefficients of (0.32) and (0.27). Meanwhile, the variable of "trust" with a path coefficient of (0.30) affects the attitude, and the variable of "attitude" with a path coefficient of (0.40) affects the variable of "willingness to use." The results of field studies also confirmed the inferential findings of the research and showed that smartening the buildings and using new technologies have a minimal share of construction in the coastal areas of Māzandarān. This showed that a large number of people in the research population understand and are aware of the convenience and usefulness of intelligent technologies. But due to their lack of trust in this technology, they do not have a positive attitude towards it. This has led to their disapproval of this technology in the construction industry, as even predicting its use in the future is far from their expectations. Of course, this lack of trust in technology can be due to a lack of knowledge and awareness about its benefits and lack of proper information. Conclusion Basically, appropriate technology policy-making is practically impossible regardless of the obstacles and difficulties of its development. This also applies to smartening buildings with the approach of using renewable energy. In order to identify the problems and provide appropriate solutions to overcome them, the present study examined the factors affecting the acceptance of intelligent building technology and, consequently, the tendency of construction industry activists to this technology in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province. Here, an optimal model was obtained by adding the "trust" variable to Davis's "technology acceptance" model to investigate the factors affecting technology acceptance. The results of investigating the relationship among the variables in this integrated model showed that construction industry activists' positive attitude toward intelligent building technology was closely related to their perception of the qualities and benefits of smartening buildings. Meanwhile, the " trust " variable with a positive and direct effect on people's attitudes increases their willingness to use technology. Generally, it can be concluded that trust in technology can affect the willingness to use technology, so the direct and positive impact of the "trust" variable on people's tendency to invest in the intelligent building industry is explained in the proposed research model. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the investors, consultants, and builders of the construction industry in the coastal areas of Māzandarān province who cooperated in completing the questionnaire and answering the questions.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5940_2a9d8413bb18a2e18a89bd1c6752e645.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Educational needs assessment of improving geostrategy knowledge in Nedaja Educational needs assessment of improving geostrategy knowledge in Nedaja 37 50 5942 10.22124/gscaj.2022.21608.1149 FA Afshin Mottaqi Dastnaei Associate Professor, Department of Political Geography, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran. Hossein Dana PhD in Political Geography, Department of Political Geography, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2022 01 25 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the educational need to improve geostrategy knowledge in NEDAJA. The present study was a mixed-methods study that was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The research tool was developed after interviewing and theoretical saturation. It includes 39 items in the form of seven general needs, including the need to know about the country, population, society, politics, economics, land, and strategy. The questionnaire was developed based on the Likert scale (very much, 5 points to very little, 1 point). The research population of the present study in the qualitative section included experts familiar with the research subject, and the necessary experience and knowledge were determined. The purposive sampling method was used to determine the samples. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, and finally, 14 individuals were selected as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the research population in the quantitative part of the research included all individuals in the Navy of the Iranian Army who had full knowledge of the research subject. Based on snowball sampling, 54 people were selected as the research sample. Finally, after distributing and collecting the research questionnaires, 41 questionnaires were analyzed. The results showed that the educational needs for improving geostrategic knowledge in NEDAJA included knowing the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy. The results of the current research also showed that all the needs identified in the research model have a significant impact. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the issues related to the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy in education programs related to geostrategy in NEDAJA. Extended Abstract Introduction Geostrategy derived from geography that combines all forces and resources to achieve the strategy goal, especially military strategic goals, at different national, regional, and especially global scales. To achieve its strategic goals, NEDAJA needs to know, analyze and apply factors influencing its specific geostrategy at different levels, including at the highest level of the organization. Training is an essential element for any military organization's geostrategy, including the strategic naval force of the Iranian Armed Forces. Today, human resources training is emphasized by dynamic organizations as an effective way to improve and empower employees. One of the best factors of the training process in any organization is specifying the training needs of each employee and the entire organization. Educational needs assessment is a vital activity for training and improving the performance of managers and employees. All educational programs should begin with educational needs assessments to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, to maintain the geostrategic position of NEDAJA, continue the growing trend, and improve its capacities in the mentioned force, it is necessary to enhance the knowledge of the employees with the required training. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in data collection, and no manipulation was done on the variables and factors. It was a mixed-methods study. The qualitative method of content analysis was used to build the model. The descriptive-analytical quantitative method and the correlation type based on the structural equation model were used to test the model. The mixed-methods design was sequential exploratory, i.e., first qualitative and then quantitative. Results have introduced the educational needs for geostrategy improvement, including the knowledge of the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy, which should be included in the educational programs of NEDAJA. Methodology The mixed-methods design was sequential exploratory, i.e., first qualitative and then quantitative. The research tool was developed after interviewing and theoretical saturation. It includes 39 items in the form of seven general needs, including the need to know about the country, population, society, politics, economics, land, and strategy. The questionnaire was developed based on the Likert scale (very much, 5 points to very little, 1 point). research subject, and the necessary experience and knowledge were determined. The purposive sampling method was used to determine the samples. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, and finally, 14 individuals were selected as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the research population in the quantitative part of the research included all individuals in the Navy of the Iranian Army who had full knowledge of the research subject. Based on snowball sampling, 54 people were selected as the research sample. Finally, after distributing and collecting the research questionnaires, 41 questionnaires were analyzed. Qualitative research data were analyzed through coding process. The steps of data analysis were done through open coding, central coding and selective coding (choosing a central category as the main category and specifying the relationship between each of the central categories) and ended up presenting a logical paradigm or a visual image of the evolving theory. Skewness and skewness indices were used to check the data distribution (normal or non-normal). The qualitative research data were analyzed through the coding process. The steps of data analysis were done through open coding, central coding, and selective coding (choosing a central category as the main category and specifying the relationship between each of the central categories) and ended up with the presentation of a logical paradigm or a visual image of the evolving theory. Skewness and Kurtosis indices were used to check the data distribution (normal or non-normal). SPSS version 20 and Smart PLS version 2 software were used to check and answer the research questions and draw and compile the measurement and structural models. Results and discussion Geostrategy is the main axis in the movement of organizations, especially military forces. NEDAJA, as a military force as well as an international force, needs precise geostrategy based on existing activities that can achieve the set strategic goals. A force geo-strategy must align with achieving goals and include dimensions related to it to be effective. Therefore, education is considered a key issue in improving the knowledge of the geostrategy of NEDAJA so that a good education can lead to the formulation of suitable geostrategy and ultimately improve the benefit of NEDAJA of the navy geostrategy. The important thing about geostrategy training is that the employees and managers of organizations have basic training needs to achieve organizational goals. The present research is also in this direction and intends to explain the needs assessment of the training related to the subject. According to the results of research, education in the field of geostrategy issues can lead to an increase in people's capabilities while solving existing ambiguities. Like any organization, NEDAJA is an educational organization. Therefore, it should consider the basics of geostrategy training and the factors influencing it, especially in the areas of knowledge, analysis, and application of geostrategy, in the training of its employees at different levels, especially high-level employees. NEDAJA's educational needs in the field of geostrategy have been identified and factors such as economy, politics, country, land and geostrategy have been introduced. Conclusion Results indicated that it is necessary to address issues related to the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy in line with the strategic goals of naval training. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the educational need to improve geostrategy knowledge in NEDAJA. The present study was a mixed-methods study that was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The research tool was developed after interviewing and theoretical saturation. It includes 39 items in the form of seven general needs, including the need to know about the country, population, society, politics, economics, land, and strategy. The questionnaire was developed based on the Likert scale (very much, 5 points to very little, 1 point). The research population of the present study in the qualitative section included experts familiar with the research subject, and the necessary experience and knowledge were determined. The purposive sampling method was used to determine the samples. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, and finally, 14 individuals were selected as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the research population in the quantitative part of the research included all individuals in the Navy of the Iranian Army who had full knowledge of the research subject. Based on snowball sampling, 54 people were selected as the research sample. Finally, after distributing and collecting the research questionnaires, 41 questionnaires were analyzed. The results showed that the educational needs for improving geostrategic knowledge in NEDAJA included knowing the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy. The results of the current research also showed that all the needs identified in the research model have a significant impact. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the issues related to the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy in education programs related to geostrategy in NEDAJA. Extended Abstract Introduction Geostrategy derived from geography that combines all forces and resources to achieve the strategy goal, especially military strategic goals, at different national, regional, and especially global scales. To achieve its strategic goals, NEDAJA needs to know, analyze and apply factors influencing its specific geostrategy at different levels, including at the highest level of the organization. Training is an essential element for any military organization's geostrategy, including the strategic naval force of the Iranian Armed Forces. Today, human resources training is emphasized by dynamic organizations as an effective way to improve and empower employees. One of the best factors of the training process in any organization is specifying the training needs of each employee and the entire organization. Educational needs assessment is a vital activity for training and improving the performance of managers and employees. All educational programs should begin with educational needs assessments to increase efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, to maintain the geostrategic position of NEDAJA, continue the growing trend, and improve its capacities in the mentioned force, it is necessary to enhance the knowledge of the employees with the required training. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in data collection, and no manipulation was done on the variables and factors. It was a mixed-methods study. The qualitative method of content analysis was used to build the model. The descriptive-analytical quantitative method and the correlation type based on the structural equation model were used to test the model. The mixed-methods design was sequential exploratory, i.e., first qualitative and then quantitative. Results have introduced the educational needs for geostrategy improvement, including the knowledge of the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy, which should be included in the educational programs of NEDAJA. Methodology The mixed-methods design was sequential exploratory, i.e., first qualitative and then quantitative. The research tool was developed after interviewing and theoretical saturation. It includes 39 items in the form of seven general needs, including the need to know about the country, population, society, politics, economics, land, and strategy. The questionnaire was developed based on the Likert scale (very much, 5 points to very little, 1 point). research subject, and the necessary experience and knowledge were determined. The purposive sampling method was used to determine the samples. This sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached, and finally, 14 individuals were selected as samples in the qualitative section. Also, the research population in the quantitative part of the research included all individuals in the Navy of the Iranian Army who had full knowledge of the research subject. Based on snowball sampling, 54 people were selected as the research sample. Finally, after distributing and collecting the research questionnaires, 41 questionnaires were analyzed. Qualitative research data were analyzed through coding process. The steps of data analysis were done through open coding, central coding and selective coding (choosing a central category as the main category and specifying the relationship between each of the central categories) and ended up presenting a logical paradigm or a visual image of the evolving theory. Skewness and skewness indices were used to check the data distribution (normal or non-normal). The qualitative research data were analyzed through the coding process. The steps of data analysis were done through open coding, central coding, and selective coding (choosing a central category as the main category and specifying the relationship between each of the central categories) and ended up with the presentation of a logical paradigm or a visual image of the evolving theory. Skewness and Kurtosis indices were used to check the data distribution (normal or non-normal). SPSS version 20 and Smart PLS version 2 software were used to check and answer the research questions and draw and compile the measurement and structural models. Results and discussion Geostrategy is the main axis in the movement of organizations, especially military forces. NEDAJA, as a military force as well as an international force, needs precise geostrategy based on existing activities that can achieve the set strategic goals. A force geo-strategy must align with achieving goals and include dimensions related to it to be effective. Therefore, education is considered a key issue in improving the knowledge of the geostrategy of NEDAJA so that a good education can lead to the formulation of suitable geostrategy and ultimately improve the benefit of NEDAJA of the navy geostrategy. The important thing about geostrategy training is that the employees and managers of organizations have basic training needs to achieve organizational goals. The present research is also in this direction and intends to explain the needs assessment of the training related to the subject. According to the results of research, education in the field of geostrategy issues can lead to an increase in people's capabilities while solving existing ambiguities. Like any organization, NEDAJA is an educational organization. Therefore, it should consider the basics of geostrategy training and the factors influencing it, especially in the areas of knowledge, analysis, and application of geostrategy, in the training of its employees at different levels, especially high-level employees. NEDAJA's educational needs in the field of geostrategy have been identified and factors such as economy, politics, country, land and geostrategy have been introduced. Conclusion Results indicated that it is necessary to address issues related to the country, land, population, society, economy, politics, and strategy in line with the strategic goals of naval training. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5942_3db4b96614f446a3a14420628ca2c455.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Residential Preferences of the Creative Class of Rasht and the Factors Influencing It Residential Preferences of the Creative Class of Rasht and the Factors Influencing It 51 63 5491 10.22124/gscaj.2022.20759.1115 FA Farhād Nazari Master of Science of Geography and Urban planning, Department of Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Maryam Jafari Mehrābādi Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Mahmoud Dāvoudi Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 05 In new urban theories, what causes the economic development of a region is the presence of creative human forces in that region. Meanwhile, traditional factors such as geographical location, access, etc., are dimmed because the creative class's presence in a city can overshadow other factors of economic growth. Therefore, paying attention to the residential characteristics of the creative class and their preferences for living in a specific location in cities is one of the important issues in the urban development. The study has evaluated the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. It was a descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected through documentary and field studies. 384 questionnaires were distributed among the creative class members in Rasht city. The data were analyzed using Friedman, Sign, and Wilcoxon tests. Findings showed that classic factors significantly contributed to the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city, and the influence of soft factors was less than the classic factors. Also, the findings of the research have shown that the desire and preference of the creative class to live in the inner layers of the city is high, and as we move from the initial layers of the city to the periphery, the concentration of the residential preference of the creative class has decreased. According to the results, the neighborhoods where people of the creative class of Rasht city prefer to live included Manzariyeh, Golsār and Giulān Boulevard, Moalem, Bazaar, Cāctous, Ziābri, Felestin, Nikmarām, and Park Shahr. Extended Abstract Introduction In new urban theories, what causes the economic development of a region is the presence of creative human forces in that region. Meanwhile, traditional factors such as geographical location, access, etc., are dimmed because the creative class's presence in a city can overshadow other factors of economic growth. Therefore, paying attention to the residential characteristics of the creative class and their preferences for living in a specific location in cities is one of the important issues in the development of cities. This study has evaluated the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. The basic purpose of this research is to identify the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht according to the classical and soft factors. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What factors influence the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city? Are the classical factors more important than soft factors? Does moving away from the city center decrease the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city? Is there any difference between the residential preferences of the creative class and their current residence in Rasht city? Methodology It was a descriptive-analytical study. In terms of duration, it was cross-sectional research Data was collected through documentary and field studies. The hypotheses of this research have been analyzed and tested using SPSS software. After some modifications and alterations, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been confirmed by the professors of urban affairs. Cronbach's Alpha was computed to assess the questionnaire reliability (α = 0.706), indicating the questionnaire's appropriate and high reliability. 384 questionnaires have been distributed among the creative class members in Rasht, and the data have been analyzed using SPSS software and Friedman, Sign, and Wilcoxon's statistical tests. The research variables were extracted using documentary studies, which included 2 dimensions of classical and soft criteria, 16 sub-criteria, and 59 items. Soft criteria included: factors related to leisure, cultural facilities, neighborhoods with outstanding artistic features in which people feel very comfortable, having many restaurants and cafes, and having the characteristics of freedom and the capacity to accept cultural diversity. Classical criteria also included demographic and economic factors that effectively choose the location of normal employees. Results and discussion Friedman's test was used to measure the effect of soft and classical factors on the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht City. There is a difference in the residential preference of the creative class of Rasht city referring to the value of the Chi-Square test (38.76, P>0.05). According to the mean rank of the two general categories of classical factors (1.66) and soft factors (1.34), the effect of classical factors on residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city is more than soft factors. The most important factors in the residential preferences of the creative class included the characteristics of the residence, busy streets full of facilities, environmental issues, life cycle, security, tolerance and diversity, locality and health. Also, these factors have the least importance in the residential preferences of the creative class: Ethnic-linguistic factors, Cost of Living, Historical factors, Income, Marginalization, Educational-artistic spaces, Workplace access and Recreational spaces. The value of the Z test and the significance level (S=0.000) indicated the significance of the apparent difference in the selection of residential preferences of the creative class. Also, in addition to the significance of the difference between the residential preferences of the creative class and their current residential environment, we can get a better view of the residential preference situation of the creative class by specifying the difference. Therefore, the number of those whose current residence is equal to their residential preferences is around 122 cases or 31.77% of the statistical sample. Therefore, about a third of the creative class people live exactly in residential environments that are equal to their preferences and desires. The total number of people whose residential preference is different from their desired place of residence is about 262 people, or 68.23% of our full statistical sample. In other words, the current living environment of more than two-thirds of the people of the creative class of Rasht differs from their preferences and desires. Florida's creative class theory considers soft factors' influence on creative people's residential preference to be more effective than classical factors and insists on reducing the influence of classical factors in its theories. However, the results indicated that the influence of classical factors on the selection and preference of the residential environment for creative people is more effective. Also, it should be acknowledged that soft factors are not entirely unaffected, and they are also effective in the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. Yet, the extent of this effect is less than the effect of classical factors. Furthermore, the results differ from those in America and are in line with some European studies. Therefore, the current article violates the assumption that all people who introduced as the creative class necessarily choose their residential preferences based on a number of specific factors (soft factors); but their residential preferences are based on a combination of classical and soft factors. Conclusion The research findings show that the level of desire and preference of the creative class in the inner layers of the city is high, and as we move from the initial layers of the city to the surrounding area, the concentration of the residential preference of the creative class is reduced. According to the results of this study, the neighborhoods where creative people prefer to live in Rasht have been: Manzarieh (25%), Golsār and Guilān Blvd (21%), Moalem (15%), Bazaar (14%), Cactous (10%), Ziābari (8%), Felestin (3%), Nikmarām (2%), Pārk Shahr (1%). Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. In new urban theories, what causes the economic development of a region is the presence of creative human forces in that region. Meanwhile, traditional factors such as geographical location, access, etc., are dimmed because the creative class's presence in a city can overshadow other factors of economic growth. Therefore, paying attention to the residential characteristics of the creative class and their preferences for living in a specific location in cities is one of the important issues in the urban development. The study has evaluated the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. It was a descriptive-analytical study. Data was collected through documentary and field studies. 384 questionnaires were distributed among the creative class members in Rasht city. The data were analyzed using Friedman, Sign, and Wilcoxon tests. Findings showed that classic factors significantly contributed to the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city, and the influence of soft factors was less than the classic factors. Also, the findings of the research have shown that the desire and preference of the creative class to live in the inner layers of the city is high, and as we move from the initial layers of the city to the periphery, the concentration of the residential preference of the creative class has decreased. According to the results, the neighborhoods where people of the creative class of Rasht city prefer to live included Manzariyeh, Golsār and Giulān Boulevard, Moalem, Bazaar, Cāctous, Ziābri, Felestin, Nikmarām, and Park Shahr. Extended Abstract Introduction In new urban theories, what causes the economic development of a region is the presence of creative human forces in that region. Meanwhile, traditional factors such as geographical location, access, etc., are dimmed because the creative class's presence in a city can overshadow other factors of economic growth. Therefore, paying attention to the residential characteristics of the creative class and their preferences for living in a specific location in cities is one of the important issues in the development of cities. This study has evaluated the factors influencing the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. The basic purpose of this research is to identify the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht according to the classical and soft factors. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What factors influence the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city? Are the classical factors more important than soft factors? Does moving away from the city center decrease the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city? Is there any difference between the residential preferences of the creative class and their current residence in Rasht city? Methodology It was a descriptive-analytical study. In terms of duration, it was cross-sectional research Data was collected through documentary and field studies. The hypotheses of this research have been analyzed and tested using SPSS software. After some modifications and alterations, the validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been confirmed by the professors of urban affairs. Cronbach's Alpha was computed to assess the questionnaire reliability (α = 0.706), indicating the questionnaire's appropriate and high reliability. 384 questionnaires have been distributed among the creative class members in Rasht, and the data have been analyzed using SPSS software and Friedman, Sign, and Wilcoxon's statistical tests. The research variables were extracted using documentary studies, which included 2 dimensions of classical and soft criteria, 16 sub-criteria, and 59 items. Soft criteria included: factors related to leisure, cultural facilities, neighborhoods with outstanding artistic features in which people feel very comfortable, having many restaurants and cafes, and having the characteristics of freedom and the capacity to accept cultural diversity. Classical criteria also included demographic and economic factors that effectively choose the location of normal employees. Results and discussion Friedman's test was used to measure the effect of soft and classical factors on the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht City. There is a difference in the residential preference of the creative class of Rasht city referring to the value of the Chi-Square test (38.76, P>0.05). According to the mean rank of the two general categories of classical factors (1.66) and soft factors (1.34), the effect of classical factors on residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city is more than soft factors. The most important factors in the residential preferences of the creative class included the characteristics of the residence, busy streets full of facilities, environmental issues, life cycle, security, tolerance and diversity, locality and health. Also, these factors have the least importance in the residential preferences of the creative class: Ethnic-linguistic factors, Cost of Living, Historical factors, Income, Marginalization, Educational-artistic spaces, Workplace access and Recreational spaces. The value of the Z test and the significance level (S=0.000) indicated the significance of the apparent difference in the selection of residential preferences of the creative class. Also, in addition to the significance of the difference between the residential preferences of the creative class and their current residential environment, we can get a better view of the residential preference situation of the creative class by specifying the difference. Therefore, the number of those whose current residence is equal to their residential preferences is around 122 cases or 31.77% of the statistical sample. Therefore, about a third of the creative class people live exactly in residential environments that are equal to their preferences and desires. The total number of people whose residential preference is different from their desired place of residence is about 262 people, or 68.23% of our full statistical sample. In other words, the current living environment of more than two-thirds of the people of the creative class of Rasht differs from their preferences and desires. Florida's creative class theory considers soft factors' influence on creative people's residential preference to be more effective than classical factors and insists on reducing the influence of classical factors in its theories. However, the results indicated that the influence of classical factors on the selection and preference of the residential environment for creative people is more effective. Also, it should be acknowledged that soft factors are not entirely unaffected, and they are also effective in the residential preferences of the creative class of Rasht city. Yet, the extent of this effect is less than the effect of classical factors. Furthermore, the results differ from those in America and are in line with some European studies. Therefore, the current article violates the assumption that all people who introduced as the creative class necessarily choose their residential preferences based on a number of specific factors (soft factors); but their residential preferences are based on a combination of classical and soft factors. Conclusion The research findings show that the level of desire and preference of the creative class in the inner layers of the city is high, and as we move from the initial layers of the city to the surrounding area, the concentration of the residential preference of the creative class is reduced. According to the results of this study, the neighborhoods where creative people prefer to live in Rasht have been: Manzarieh (25%), Golsār and Guilān Blvd (21%), Moalem (15%), Bazaar (14%), Cactous (10%), Ziābari (8%), Felestin (3%), Nikmarām (2%), Pārk Shahr (1%). Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5491_f4451e1ae478e5fb721e7373eb193c07.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Coastal Land Use Planning of the West Māzandarān with Focus on Sustainable Development Approach Coastal Land Use Planning of the West Māzandarān with Focus on Sustainable Development Approach 65 84 5938 10.22124/gscaj.2022.20603.1103 FA Amir Khalatbari MA. in Urban and Regional Planning, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-8449-6087 Hāshem Dādāshpour Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 09 15 The coast has many unique features. The most important and prominent of these features are the dynamic land-sea interactions. This causes excessive accumulation in parts of coastal areas and the destruction of these valuable areas, irregularities in construction, as well as the lack of management and clear rules and regulations on how to use the land, causing improper use and excess coast capacity, especially on the west coast of Māzandarān. Therefore, choosing a systematic approach to coastal planning is needed to take an important step in stabilizing coastal resources by determining the type of appropriate coastal use. In this research, the analytical network process (ANP) and fuzzy logic were used to determine the appropriate environmental map, which dealt with the coastal villages' zoning and land use determination by determining the main components of the land use type. Also, using strategic rules and regulations and a set of guidelines and recommendations for the Tonkābon coastal areas, it was tried to create sustainable coastal use. This research showed a direct and reciprocal relationship between the current pattern of land use and the destruction of resources due to the lack of clear rules and regulations. With coastal land use planning through a sustainable development approach, the nature and quality of the development of the coastal strip west of Māzandarān, especially the city of Tankabon, would be sustainable, people-oriented, and based on comfort, well-being, and environmental sustainability. Extended Abstract Introduction The rapid increase of population around the world, along with economic activities, has led to the gathering of cities, and subsequent expansion of the construction lands has led to rapid changes in land use. Land usage change is one of the effective factors on the coastal lines. Therefore, coastal lines are increasingly threatened. Thus, in line with decreasing the loss imposed, the ecosystem requires sustainable solutions such as management and planning the coastal line based on a sustainable development approach. Protective actions should be balanced with development to plan for coastal regions. Methodology The present study was quantitative. In terms of objective, it was descriptive-analytic. It is considered a case study. The research population included the residents of the city of Tonkābon (194,719 people), from which 384 people were selected as the research sample using Cochran's formula. Following the determination of the scope of the study and examining and analyzing the problems, limitations, and capacities, as well as planning the objectives of coastal land use, there was a need to determine criteria for planning sustainable coastal land use. In this stage, the comments of Urban and regional planning experts have been used. After determining the planning criteria and sub-criteria, it is necessary to evaluate and assess the degree of importance of each one, which was done using the analytic network process (ANP), which is one of the most comprehensive systems designed for decision-making with multiple criteria. The ANP includes four steps, namely modeling and transforming the case study to the network structure, forming a binary comparison matrix and determining priority vectors, forming a supermatrix and transforming it into a limit supermatrix, and mapping the environmental appropriation by providing an information layer from each sub-criteria and combining them based on the value of each sub-criteria. To provide an information layer from each sub-criteria and combine them based on the value of each sub-criteria and also to achieve the mapping of environmental appropriation, the fuzzy logic is used considering its strengths compared to other combination methods. GIS is used to implement all the steps mentioned above in spatial form. In this research, it has been intended to use two techniques: analytical network process (ANP) to evaluate the criteria of sustainable development of land usage for the Tonkābon coastal line (as a case study) that mutual dependence and feedback among decision factors, and fuzzy logic to combine layers and making the spatial decision to allocate lands and area. Results and discussion The proper usages within the coastal line were considered based on the intervention area. According to the investigations, the determination of the land usage of the studied area was based on how to intervene in the coastal lands according to the sustainable development approach. The land usage related to the forest lands with an area of about 20114 hectares (41%) had the highest level of usage according to characteristics area, which in the field of maintenance intervention will try to maintain the existing conditions and only use its indirect benefits. Also, the agricultural usage with 11239 hectares (22%) in the three sectors of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, and horticulture is in the second level of area uses in the area of regenerative and management intervention. Since the usage changes in this area could bring a revival in this domain by changing the traditional agricultural view into industrial and preventing usage change by applying efficient management. It is noteworthy that by having an area of 10114 hectares (21 percent) and considering the location of the area that is placed beside sea and mountain, tourism usage has special situation leading to economic prosperity and income increase in this area. Due to its sensitivity, according to the conducted surveys, the current pattern of land use definition in the coastal lands will not answer the present generation. Therefore, by redefining the mechanism of land use with an emphasis on sustainable development, it can be expected that by taking the special arrangements into account, it will be possible to make sustainable development in the coastal strip lands. This issue aims to expand the balance in population distribution and activities following resources, environmental power, and the carrying capacity of ecosystems in susceptible areas. Conclusion This research titled "Coastal Land Use Planning of the West Māzandarān with Focus on Sustainable Development Approach" attempts to introduce the aforementioned approach and the method of land use in the coastal line west of Māzandarān with an emphasis on Tonkābon city. In this study, an attempt was made to preserve the valuable lands of the coastal line by presenting the ideal land use model and establishing appropriate activities to prevent the destruction of valuable lands caused by unbalanced constructions. However, such an action should be performed in the form of integrated coastal management. Due to the spatial management dispersion in this area, the only solution is to develop rules and regulations which deal with this problem in minimum time and environmental damage leading to the sustainable development of the coastal line. Based on the examinations, to find the optimum proportion of lands using a sustainable development approach in the coastal line, the ANP model was used, which integrated environmental, economic, and social criteria leading to defining the diverse area by preserving the sustainable pattern. Although ANP follows a more or less similar process to other methods to determine the power, ability, or capability of land, it has been able to define the most appropriate activity for the studied area due to the extent of the analysis of the layers. Considering the areas of policy and intervention, an attempt was made to clarify the determination of appropriate use based on different approaches. Given the strategic rules and regulations, this planning intends to simultaneously develop and balance the Tonkābon coastal population. Without unique and dominant management, achieving such an important goal would be difficult. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. The coast has many unique features. The most important and prominent of these features are the dynamic land-sea interactions. This causes excessive accumulation in parts of coastal areas and the destruction of these valuable areas, irregularities in construction, as well as the lack of management and clear rules and regulations on how to use the land, causing improper use and excess coast capacity, especially on the west coast of Māzandarān. Therefore, choosing a systematic approach to coastal planning is needed to take an important step in stabilizing coastal resources by determining the type of appropriate coastal use. In this research, the analytical network process (ANP) and fuzzy logic were used to determine the appropriate environmental map, which dealt with the coastal villages' zoning and land use determination by determining the main components of the land use type. Also, using strategic rules and regulations and a set of guidelines and recommendations for the Tonkābon coastal areas, it was tried to create sustainable coastal use. This research showed a direct and reciprocal relationship between the current pattern of land use and the destruction of resources due to the lack of clear rules and regulations. With coastal land use planning through a sustainable development approach, the nature and quality of the development of the coastal strip west of Māzandarān, especially the city of Tankabon, would be sustainable, people-oriented, and based on comfort, well-being, and environmental sustainability. Extended Abstract Introduction The rapid increase of population around the world, along with economic activities, has led to the gathering of cities, and subsequent expansion of the construction lands has led to rapid changes in land use. Land usage change is one of the effective factors on the coastal lines. Therefore, coastal lines are increasingly threatened. Thus, in line with decreasing the loss imposed, the ecosystem requires sustainable solutions such as management and planning the coastal line based on a sustainable development approach. Protective actions should be balanced with development to plan for coastal regions. Methodology The present study was quantitative. In terms of objective, it was descriptive-analytic. It is considered a case study. The research population included the residents of the city of Tonkābon (194,719 people), from which 384 people were selected as the research sample using Cochran's formula. Following the determination of the scope of the study and examining and analyzing the problems, limitations, and capacities, as well as planning the objectives of coastal land use, there was a need to determine criteria for planning sustainable coastal land use. In this stage, the comments of Urban and regional planning experts have been used. After determining the planning criteria and sub-criteria, it is necessary to evaluate and assess the degree of importance of each one, which was done using the analytic network process (ANP), which is one of the most comprehensive systems designed for decision-making with multiple criteria. The ANP includes four steps, namely modeling and transforming the case study to the network structure, forming a binary comparison matrix and determining priority vectors, forming a supermatrix and transforming it into a limit supermatrix, and mapping the environmental appropriation by providing an information layer from each sub-criteria and combining them based on the value of each sub-criteria. To provide an information layer from each sub-criteria and combine them based on the value of each sub-criteria and also to achieve the mapping of environmental appropriation, the fuzzy logic is used considering its strengths compared to other combination methods. GIS is used to implement all the steps mentioned above in spatial form. In this research, it has been intended to use two techniques: analytical network process (ANP) to evaluate the criteria of sustainable development of land usage for the Tonkābon coastal line (as a case study) that mutual dependence and feedback among decision factors, and fuzzy logic to combine layers and making the spatial decision to allocate lands and area. Results and discussion The proper usages within the coastal line were considered based on the intervention area. According to the investigations, the determination of the land usage of the studied area was based on how to intervene in the coastal lands according to the sustainable development approach. The land usage related to the forest lands with an area of about 20114 hectares (41%) had the highest level of usage according to characteristics area, which in the field of maintenance intervention will try to maintain the existing conditions and only use its indirect benefits. Also, the agricultural usage with 11239 hectares (22%) in the three sectors of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, and horticulture is in the second level of area uses in the area of regenerative and management intervention. Since the usage changes in this area could bring a revival in this domain by changing the traditional agricultural view into industrial and preventing usage change by applying efficient management. It is noteworthy that by having an area of 10114 hectares (21 percent) and considering the location of the area that is placed beside sea and mountain, tourism usage has special situation leading to economic prosperity and income increase in this area. Due to its sensitivity, according to the conducted surveys, the current pattern of land use definition in the coastal lands will not answer the present generation. Therefore, by redefining the mechanism of land use with an emphasis on sustainable development, it can be expected that by taking the special arrangements into account, it will be possible to make sustainable development in the coastal strip lands. This issue aims to expand the balance in population distribution and activities following resources, environmental power, and the carrying capacity of ecosystems in susceptible areas. Conclusion This research titled "Coastal Land Use Planning of the West Māzandarān with Focus on Sustainable Development Approach" attempts to introduce the aforementioned approach and the method of land use in the coastal line west of Māzandarān with an emphasis on Tonkābon city. In this study, an attempt was made to preserve the valuable lands of the coastal line by presenting the ideal land use model and establishing appropriate activities to prevent the destruction of valuable lands caused by unbalanced constructions. However, such an action should be performed in the form of integrated coastal management. Due to the spatial management dispersion in this area, the only solution is to develop rules and regulations which deal with this problem in minimum time and environmental damage leading to the sustainable development of the coastal line. Based on the examinations, to find the optimum proportion of lands using a sustainable development approach in the coastal line, the ANP model was used, which integrated environmental, economic, and social criteria leading to defining the diverse area by preserving the sustainable pattern. Although ANP follows a more or less similar process to other methods to determine the power, ability, or capability of land, it has been able to define the most appropriate activity for the studied area due to the extent of the analysis of the layers. Considering the areas of policy and intervention, an attempt was made to clarify the determination of appropriate use based on different approaches. Given the strategic rules and regulations, this planning intends to simultaneously develop and balance the Tonkābon coastal population. Without unique and dominant management, achieving such an important goal would be difficult. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5938_0f1bb346293d2d4a137899895a0a9b92.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 3 3 2022 09 23 Estimating the Community's Willingness to Pay for the Protection of the Caspian Sea Coast of Māzandarān Province (New Evidence of the Conditional Valuation Method) Estimating the Community's Willingness to Pay for the Protection of the Caspian Sea Coast of Māzandarān Province (New Evidence of the Conditional Valuation Method) 85 100 5941 10.22124/gscaj.2022.21562.1145 FA Mehdi Zāhed Gharavi Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran Fātemeh Sādeghpour PhD student in Economics, Department of Economics, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran MohammadRezā Mohammadi Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Accounting, Imam Khomeini University of Marine Sciences, Nowshahr, Iran 0000-0002-6255-2404 Journal Article 2022 01 16 The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and a single bounded selection questionnaire were used in this study to identify the protection value of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province and the tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for these coasts. Also, using the probit model, the willingness to pay was measured, and the parameters of this model were estimated. The research sample included 1524 tourists of these coasts in the spring of 2019. The findings showed that the average willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of these coasts in the spring of 2019 was 14964 Tomans and for all tourists was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans per month. Based on the results of the regression model, the variables of the bid price, individuals' income, and level of education of tourists have been the most important factors influencing the willingness of tourists to pay for the protection of the Caspian Sea coast of Māzandarān province. These results can be a good guide for policymakers and planners of the tourism industry in Māzandarān province. Extended Abstract Introduction Goods and services either have a market where their price is determined through supply and demand, or they don't have a market where their value can be discovered differently. In cases where the market is unsuccessful in determining the price, finding the value of these goods and services requires finding a criterion of consumers' willingness to pay. Since the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province are not such markets where goods can be bought and sold, it is impossible to refer to the market to discover the value society places on these coasts. One way to find society's value for these coasts is the contingent valuation method (CVM). In this method, people are referred to, and their protection preferences are estimated to discover the value of non-market goods and services - in this case, the Caspian Sea coast of Māzandarān province. That value is the value of those goods and services. They consider it non-market, and because the discovery of the value is made through the design of hypothetical markets, it is called the contingent valuation method. The purpose of the contingent valuation method is to extract individual preferences and tastes in monetary terms for changes in the quality and quantity of non-market environmental resources and the willingness to pay (WTP) or the willingness to accept (WTA) for changes created in environmental goods and services directly by asking people (Amiri et al., 2014). The contingent valuation method typically estimates the environmental change scenario, beginning by explaining the environmental goods or services changes and then asking individuals to determine how much they are willing to pay for it (Lee et al., 2010). In other words, the CVM is based on a research approach to valuing non-market environmental goods and services. This approach requires hypothetical construction or market simulation through a questionnaire in which respondents answer questions about their willingness to pay for or accept the specific environmental changes. This method examines these goods and services consumption and non-consumption values (Aftak, 2006). This method is used as an acceptable method and a tool to discover the value of public goods in cost-benefit analysis. It has been used in hundreds of non-market and mainly environmental goods evaluation projects (Hassan Shahi, 2002). This study aimed to estimate the willingness of tourists to pay for the Caspian coast of Māzandarān province to protect these coasts and determine the factors influencing it for use in environmental management decisions by planners and provincial officials. The use of CVM, selecting the number of samples by Michel and Carson method, and choosing the proposed amounts by Boyle and Bishab method is one of the significant points in this research. Methodology In this research, to identify the investment opportunities of the tourism industry of Māzandarān province, the protection value of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province and the tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for these coasts, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and a single bounded selection questionnaire was used. Also, using the probit model, the willingness to pay was measured, and the parameters of this model were estimated. Results and discussion The findings showed that the average willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of these coasts in the spring of 2019 was 14964 Tomans and for all tourists was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans. Based on the results of the regression model, the variables of bid price, income of individuals and level of education of tourists were the most important factors influenccing the willingness to pay of tourists for the protection of the Caspian coast of Māzandarān province. Conclusion Considering the positive effect of education level and income on the willingness to pay for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province, public media should introduce educated and high-income people to the touristic attractions and environmental values of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province. Also, the government should carry out the necessary policies to increase the number of high income and education tourists and allow low-income people to travel to these coasts. The establishment of the financial fund for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province, under the supervision of the Māzandarān governorate and public institutions, has been carried out to collect voluntary funds from the tourists of these coasts. This fund has been introduced in the public media and projects to protect and beautify these coasts. Since the willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province in the spring of 2018 was 14,964 Tomans, and for all tourists, it was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans, from the economic point of view any cost for the protection and maintenance of these coasts up to this amount is economical. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contribute equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All authors have seen and agreed with the contents of the manuscript submitted to review. Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and a single bounded selection questionnaire were used in this study to identify the protection value of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province and the tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for these coasts. Also, using the probit model, the willingness to pay was measured, and the parameters of this model were estimated. The research sample included 1524 tourists of these coasts in the spring of 2019. The findings showed that the average willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of these coasts in the spring of 2019 was 14964 Tomans and for all tourists was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans per month. Based on the results of the regression model, the variables of the bid price, individuals' income, and level of education of tourists have been the most important factors influencing the willingness of tourists to pay for the protection of the Caspian Sea coast of Māzandarān province. These results can be a good guide for policymakers and planners of the tourism industry in Māzandarān province. Extended Abstract Introduction Goods and services either have a market where their price is determined through supply and demand, or they don't have a market where their value can be discovered differently. In cases where the market is unsuccessful in determining the price, finding the value of these goods and services requires finding a criterion of consumers' willingness to pay. Since the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province are not such markets where goods can be bought and sold, it is impossible to refer to the market to discover the value society places on these coasts. One way to find society's value for these coasts is the contingent valuation method (CVM). In this method, people are referred to, and their protection preferences are estimated to discover the value of non-market goods and services - in this case, the Caspian Sea coast of Māzandarān province. That value is the value of those goods and services. They consider it non-market, and because the discovery of the value is made through the design of hypothetical markets, it is called the contingent valuation method. The purpose of the contingent valuation method is to extract individual preferences and tastes in monetary terms for changes in the quality and quantity of non-market environmental resources and the willingness to pay (WTP) or the willingness to accept (WTA) for changes created in environmental goods and services directly by asking people (Amiri et al., 2014). The contingent valuation method typically estimates the environmental change scenario, beginning by explaining the environmental goods or services changes and then asking individuals to determine how much they are willing to pay for it (Lee et al., 2010). In other words, the CVM is based on a research approach to valuing non-market environmental goods and services. This approach requires hypothetical construction or market simulation through a questionnaire in which respondents answer questions about their willingness to pay for or accept the specific environmental changes. This method examines these goods and services consumption and non-consumption values (Aftak, 2006). This method is used as an acceptable method and a tool to discover the value of public goods in cost-benefit analysis. It has been used in hundreds of non-market and mainly environmental goods evaluation projects (Hassan Shahi, 2002). This study aimed to estimate the willingness of tourists to pay for the Caspian coast of Māzandarān province to protect these coasts and determine the factors influencing it for use in environmental management decisions by planners and provincial officials. The use of CVM, selecting the number of samples by Michel and Carson method, and choosing the proposed amounts by Boyle and Bishab method is one of the significant points in this research. Methodology In this research, to identify the investment opportunities of the tourism industry of Māzandarān province, the protection value of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province and the tourists' willingness to pay (WTP) for these coasts, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and a single bounded selection questionnaire was used. Also, using the probit model, the willingness to pay was measured, and the parameters of this model were estimated. Results and discussion The findings showed that the average willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of these coasts in the spring of 2019 was 14964 Tomans and for all tourists was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans. Based on the results of the regression model, the variables of bid price, income of individuals and level of education of tourists were the most important factors influenccing the willingness to pay of tourists for the protection of the Caspian coast of Māzandarān province. Conclusion Considering the positive effect of education level and income on the willingness to pay for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province, public media should introduce educated and high-income people to the touristic attractions and environmental values of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province. Also, the government should carry out the necessary policies to increase the number of high income and education tourists and allow low-income people to travel to these coasts. The establishment of the financial fund for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province, under the supervision of the Māzandarān governorate and public institutions, has been carried out to collect voluntary funds from the tourists of these coasts. This fund has been introduced in the public media and projects to protect and beautify these coasts. Since the willingness of tourists to pay monthly for the protection of the coasts of the Caspian Sea in Māzandarān province in the spring of 2018 was 14,964 Tomans, and for all tourists, it was about 230 billion and 199 million Tomans, from the economic point of view any cost for the protection and maintenance of these coasts up to this amount is economical. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution The authors contribute equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All authors have seen and agreed with the contents of the manuscript submitted to review. Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_5941_1d0982d66041ac49d60f4e1af7d96769.pdf