University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 Studying The Impact of form on the sustainability of neighborhoodsEvaluating the Effect of Form on the Sustainability of the Urban Neighborhoods (Case study: Amol) (Case study: Amol) Studying The Impact of form on the sustainability of neighborhoodsEvaluating the Effect of Form on the Sustainability of the Urban Neighborhoods (Case study: Amol) (Case study: Amol) 5 30 4994 10.22124/gscaj.2021.19638.1079 FA َAmer Nikpour 0000-0003-2839-4526 Sedigheh Lotfi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran Zobeydeh Mansour Lakuraj M.Sc. in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 18 Neighborhoods are one of the main pillars of urban structure, and undoubtedly an important part of every citizen's life is spent there. Various dimensions of urban issues are more clearly understood at the neighborhood level, and the forms affect these dimensions directly and indirectly. Therefore, identifying the physical pattern and achieving the desired form are fundamental issues to achieve sustainable development. Also, urban developments and urban centralization on physical activities, the growth of population, and the development of residential neighborhoods raise the need to pay attention to the form of urban neighborhoods as one of the influential factors in sustainability. The aim was to identify the forms and evaluate their effect on the sustainability of neighborhoods of Amol. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data was collected by filling out a 400 items questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-test, Friedman, Hotelling's T, and ANOVA. Based on the available data, 12 indices related to the form definition had been operational to measure the form of the city. Then, using SAW and GIS models, the neighborhoods were classified into three forms: dense, middle, and scattered. The questionnaires of each neighborhood were distributed and completed based on the random clustering method. Results showed that there is a significant difference among the sustainability in different forms. The degree of sustainability in the dense form is more than the middle and scattered one. Neighborhood number 10 was the most sustainable neighborhood, and neighborhood number 25 was the most unsustainable one. Neighborhoods are categorized in terms of sustainability into four homogeneous groups. Results showed that the neighborhoods located in the first group had lower sustainability and the fourth group with the dense form neighborhoods were more sustainable. Moreover, among the dimensions of sustainability, the social dimension had an unfavorable condition, and the physical dimension had a favorable condition. Neighborhoods are one of the main pillars of urban structure, and undoubtedly an important part of every citizen's life is spent there. Various dimensions of urban issues are more clearly understood at the neighborhood level, and the forms affect these dimensions directly and indirectly. Therefore, identifying the physical pattern and achieving the desired form are fundamental issues to achieve sustainable development. Also, urban developments and urban centralization on physical activities, the growth of population, and the development of residential neighborhoods raise the need to pay attention to the form of urban neighborhoods as one of the influential factors in sustainability. The aim was to identify the forms and evaluate their effect on the sustainability of neighborhoods of Amol. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data was collected by filling out a 400 items questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using one-sample t-test, Friedman, Hotelling's T, and ANOVA. Based on the available data, 12 indices related to the form definition had been operational to measure the form of the city. Then, using SAW and GIS models, the neighborhoods were classified into three forms: dense, middle, and scattered. The questionnaires of each neighborhood were distributed and completed based on the random clustering method. Results showed that there is a significant difference among the sustainability in different forms. The degree of sustainability in the dense form is more than the middle and scattered one. Neighborhood number 10 was the most sustainable neighborhood, and neighborhood number 25 was the most unsustainable one. Neighborhoods are categorized in terms of sustainability into four homogeneous groups. Results showed that the neighborhoods located in the first group had lower sustainability and the fourth group with the dense form neighborhoods were more sustainable. Moreover, among the dimensions of sustainability, the social dimension had an unfavorable condition, and the physical dimension had a favorable condition.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4994_a27a13b5cdf595a635bf61cfbefef751.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 A Survey on the Environmental Security with Emphasis on CPTED Approach (Case Study: The Farhang Neighborhood of Rasht) A Survey on the Environmental Security with Emphasis on CPTED Approach (Case Study: The Farhang Neighborhood of Rasht) 31 60 4995 10.22124/gscaj.2021.19653.1080 FA Maryam Sejodi PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hosein Hataminejad Associate Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ramin Ghorbani PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 19 The growth and expansion of cities provide the basis for congestion and interweaves, which causes more crimes. Theories and perspectives related to crime prevention through environmental design could organize the composition and design of the environment in a way that significantly reduces the possibility of crime. To evaluate the level of environmental security, emphasizing the CPTED approach in the Farhang neighborhood of Rasht, parametric T-test and Friedman rank test was used. Also, the neighborhood's internal and external strengths and weaknesses from the perspective of environmental security were identified. Based on the results of the parametric T-Test test, it was concluded that according to the citizens and residents of the neighborhood, among the components that expressed the status of crime prevention through environmental design in the Farhang neighborhood, the abundance of murder and crime in the city was the last priority and the emphasis on laws that could provide the security for citizens was the first priority. This issue and the arrangement of other components showed the favorable situation of environmental security in the neighborhood. Also, the Friedman test was used to compare the environmental capabilities to establish security in the Farhang neighborhood. The results showed that the component of "Tradition dictates to help our fellow citizens in difficult situations" was the first priority, and the component of " Looking out of the windows at the neighborhood streets enhances the sense of security" was the last one. As can be seen, there is a significant difference among the components of environmental capabilities to establish security in the Farhang neighborhood of Rasht in terms of priority and importance. The growth and expansion of cities provide the basis for congestion and interweaves, which causes more crimes. Theories and perspectives related to crime prevention through environmental design could organize the composition and design of the environment in a way that significantly reduces the possibility of crime. To evaluate the level of environmental security, emphasizing the CPTED approach in the Farhang neighborhood of Rasht, parametric T-test and Friedman rank test was used. Also, the neighborhood's internal and external strengths and weaknesses from the perspective of environmental security were identified. Based on the results of the parametric T-Test test, it was concluded that according to the citizens and residents of the neighborhood, among the components that expressed the status of crime prevention through environmental design in the Farhang neighborhood, the abundance of murder and crime in the city was the last priority and the emphasis on laws that could provide the security for citizens was the first priority. This issue and the arrangement of other components showed the favorable situation of environmental security in the neighborhood. Also, the Friedman test was used to compare the environmental capabilities to establish security in the Farhang neighborhood. The results showed that the component of "Tradition dictates to help our fellow citizens in difficult situations" was the first priority, and the component of " Looking out of the windows at the neighborhood streets enhances the sense of security" was the last one. As can be seen, there is a significant difference among the components of environmental capabilities to establish security in the Farhang neighborhood of Rasht in terms of priority and importance.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4995_b3a001533bd28d54a37e44a35c894a10.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 Modeling the Pattern of Wind-Driven Surface currents in the Coastal Area of Jask Bay Modeling the Pattern of Wind-Driven Surface currents in the Coastal Area of Jask Bay 61 77 4990 10.22124/gscaj.2021.18436.1064 FA Babak Nazari Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran Masoud Torabi Azad Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch Tayeb Sadeghifar Physical Oceanography, Factually of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 12 18 Wind and wind-driven currents speed data were extracted from the QUIKSCAT satellite for 10 years and on average monthly in the Jask Bay region (longitude 57.2 to 58 ° E and latitude 25.1 to 25.5 ° N). A suitable digital map of the study area was prepared and using ArcGIS 9.3 and XTools Pro 7.1 software, the spatial modeling of wind speed and the direction of wind-driven currents were performed by the Kriging interpolation method for all months of the year. The result was the creation of continuous maps of velocity and direction of wind-driven values and the statistical graphs for different months. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional current maps were drawn for optimal current direction display. In Jask Bay, the highest wind velocity is due to August with a value of 0.47 m / s and the lowest for October with 0.14 m / s. In autumn, the difference between the maximum and minimum wind-driven speed in Jask Bay is 0.29, with the highest current velocity amplitude among the seasons. At the same time, spring with a maximum of 0.03 m / s has the least range of current velocity. In winter and spring, the pattern of current direction is southwestern; in summer, it is eastern and northeast; and in autumn, it is south and southwestern. Wind and wind-driven currents speed data were extracted from the QUIKSCAT satellite for 10 years and on average monthly in the Jask Bay region (longitude 57.2 to 58 ° E and latitude 25.1 to 25.5 ° N). A suitable digital map of the study area was prepared and using ArcGIS 9.3 and XTools Pro 7.1 software, the spatial modeling of wind speed and the direction of wind-driven currents were performed by the Kriging interpolation method for all months of the year. The result was the creation of continuous maps of velocity and direction of wind-driven values and the statistical graphs for different months. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional current maps were drawn for optimal current direction display. In Jask Bay, the highest wind velocity is due to August with a value of 0.47 m / s and the lowest for October with 0.14 m / s. In autumn, the difference between the maximum and minimum wind-driven speed in Jask Bay is 0.29, with the highest current velocity amplitude among the seasons. At the same time, spring with a maximum of 0.03 m / s has the least range of current velocity. In winter and spring, the pattern of current direction is southwestern; in summer, it is eastern and northeast; and in autumn, it is south and southwestern.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4990_6696da6675c3d1d1af0d0d9c4fd6ca5a.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 Analyzing the Migration and Spatial Mobility to Rural Areas of Guilan Province Analyzing the Migration and Spatial Mobility to Rural Areas of Guilan Province 79 103 4992 10.22124/gscaj.2021.19408.1077 FA Teimour Amar Associate Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, Islamic Azad niversity, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 18 Identifying the trends of movement and intra-territorial mobility of the population makes the population policies based on reliable information and existing facts. This article aimed to study and analyze the dimensions of migration and spatial mobility to rural areas of Guilan province with a geographical approach based on collecting information from all villages of the province. According to the obtained information, there are180,467 immigrants in the form of 61,597 households, of which 75% are temporary and reverse migrations, and 25% are permanent residents in the form of returning migrants. Reverse migrations have been mainly to the lowland villages, and the settlements of the permanent migrants have been mainly to the mountainous villages of the province. The villages of Rasht with 37.4%, Lahijan with 7.6%, and Rudsar with 7% have experienced the highest settlement rate in the villages, respectively. Tehran province with 47% and Isfahan with 12.8%, Ardabil with 9.9% and Alborz with 5.9% are the most important migrating provinces to the villages of the Guilan. Findings showed that this population movement resulted from modernization, living disorders in densely populated cities, climate risks and water shortages in the central and southern provinces, tourism boom and leisure, and finally, retirement. Identifying the trends of movement and intra-territorial mobility of the population makes the population policies based on reliable information and existing facts. This article aimed to study and analyze the dimensions of migration and spatial mobility to rural areas of Guilan province with a geographical approach based on collecting information from all villages of the province. According to the obtained information, there are180,467 immigrants in the form of 61,597 households, of which 75% are temporary and reverse migrations, and 25% are permanent residents in the form of returning migrants. Reverse migrations have been mainly to the lowland villages, and the settlements of the permanent migrants have been mainly to the mountainous villages of the province. The villages of Rasht with 37.4%, Lahijan with 7.6%, and Rudsar with 7% have experienced the highest settlement rate in the villages, respectively. Tehran province with 47% and Isfahan with 12.8%, Ardabil with 9.9% and Alborz with 5.9% are the most important migrating provinces to the villages of the Guilan. Findings showed that this population movement resulted from modernization, living disorders in densely populated cities, climate risks and water shortages in the central and southern provinces, tourism boom and leisure, and finally, retirement.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4992_6abd25fca8ebfff5b712b25f421cb6ba.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 The Role of Physical Design in Rural Security (Case Study: The City of Rasht) The Role of Physical Design in Rural Security (Case Study: The City of Rasht) 105 132 4991 10.22124/gscaj.2021.19382.1076 FA Seyyedeh Fatemeh Emami Research Expert of Environmental Research Institute of Academic Center for Education,Culture and Research, Rasht, Iran Zhila Vatankhah PhD student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran AliReza Darbna Astane Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 14 Public safety is critical to a sense of welfare and security in any neighborhood. Neighborhood security is a complex problem that strongly affects the overall condition of neighborhoods due to the quality of service. The aim of this paper was to study the role of physical design and the factors influential on the security of villagers in the villages of Rasht. It was a descriptive-analytical study. In order to better investigate, the dimensions of the feeling of security were divided into four dimensions of honor, life, financial and social. The related references were designed and extracted in the form of Likert spectrum items. Then, 20 indicators were used to evaluate the physical effects on the security of villagers. The data were collected through the library studies (taking notes from books, articles, and Internet resources) and survey (questionnaire, direct observation, and interview with the head of household). According to the necessity in each of the research stages, one of these two methods was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, frequency) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and analysis of variance). The research population included rural households living in rural areas of Rasht (321703). The research sample consisted of 384 households who were selected through the Morgan table. The results showed the effectiveness of physical indicators in the security of villagers. The results indicated that the indicators of gender, age, education, physical problems, type of accident that occurred in the environment, and the type of crime significantly influenced the sense of security of the studied families, respectively. Studies showed that the gender indicator with 0.550 has the most significant impact on the dependent variable, i.e., safety; women feel the most insecurity in rural areas. Public safety is critical to a sense of welfare and security in any neighborhood. Neighborhood security is a complex problem that strongly affects the overall condition of neighborhoods due to the quality of service. The aim of this paper was to study the role of physical design and the factors influential on the security of villagers in the villages of Rasht. It was a descriptive-analytical study. In order to better investigate, the dimensions of the feeling of security were divided into four dimensions of honor, life, financial and social. The related references were designed and extracted in the form of Likert spectrum items. Then, 20 indicators were used to evaluate the physical effects on the security of villagers. The data were collected through the library studies (taking notes from books, articles, and Internet resources) and survey (questionnaire, direct observation, and interview with the head of household). According to the necessity in each of the research stages, one of these two methods was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, frequency) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and analysis of variance). The research population included rural households living in rural areas of Rasht (321703). The research sample consisted of 384 households who were selected through the Morgan table. The results showed the effectiveness of physical indicators in the security of villagers. The results indicated that the indicators of gender, age, education, physical problems, type of accident that occurred in the environment, and the type of crime significantly influenced the sense of security of the studied families, respectively. Studies showed that the gender indicator with 0.550 has the most significant impact on the dependent variable, i.e., safety; women feel the most insecurity in rural areas.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4991_4e2fb3950cd7bf46503d9bb0af2973e4.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 2 2 2021 08 23 Cultural competence measurement of tour leaders from the viewpoint of domestic tourists (comparative study of group package tours of Masuleh and Abyaneh) Cultural competence measurement of tour leaders from the viewpoint of domestic tourists (comparative study of group package tours of Masuleh and Abyaneh) 133 168 4993 10.22124/gscaj.2021.20219.1091 FA Saeideh Esmaeili PhD Student of Tourism, Allameh Tabataba'i University Tehran, Iran Houman Tampi PhD Student of Tourism, Allameh Tabataba'i University Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 07 23 The cultural competence of tour leaders has a significant impact on their job performance and the satisfaction of tourists from the travel agency. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue in tourism researches. The present study aimed to evaluate the cultural competence of tour leaders in two historical destinations of Masuleh and Abyaneh. The research population included the domestic tourists traveling through group package tours in these two destinations. The dimensions and components of the cultural competence of the leaders were investigated using a semi-open questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and LISREL software. The results showed that among the ten cultural competence indices of tour leaders of Abyaneh and Masuleh, Understanding the local culture (Abyaneh), Understanding local travel environment (both), the cultural mediation (both), Language ability (Abyaneh), Cross-cultural communication, and Interaction skills (both), and cultural empathy (Masuleh) are components that must be developed in tour leaders of two destinations to increase the satisfaction of tourists and their loyalty to travel agency. Therefore, the directors of educational institutions and guild associations could teach the knowledge and skills related to cultural competence to practical tour guides during the tour, in addition to training courses. The cultural competence of tour leaders has a significant impact on their job performance and the satisfaction of tourists from the travel agency. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue in tourism researches. The present study aimed to evaluate the cultural competence of tour leaders in two historical destinations of Masuleh and Abyaneh. The research population included the domestic tourists traveling through group package tours in these two destinations. The dimensions and components of the cultural competence of the leaders were investigated using a semi-open questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and LISREL software. The results showed that among the ten cultural competence indices of tour leaders of Abyaneh and Masuleh, Understanding the local culture (Abyaneh), Understanding local travel environment (both), the cultural mediation (both), Language ability (Abyaneh), Cross-cultural communication, and Interaction skills (both), and cultural empathy (Masuleh) are components that must be developed in tour leaders of two destinations to increase the satisfaction of tourists and their loyalty to travel agency. Therefore, the directors of educational institutions and guild associations could teach the knowledge and skills related to cultural competence to practical tour guides during the tour, in addition to training courses.

https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_4993_e32bc69f056e00b3d33650d5148a6a03.pdf