University of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321An Analysis of Rural Tourism Status with a Community-Based Approach in Guilān ProvinceAn Analysis of Rural Tourism Status with a Community-Based Approach in Guilān Province119886510.22124/gscaj.2022.20471.1095FASeyyedeh FatemehEmamiPost-Doctoral Researcher, Geography, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.Ali RezaDarbān AstāneAssociate Professor, Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad RezaRezvaniProfessor, Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.MojtabaGhadiriProfessor, Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210829The aim of this study was to analyze the status of rural tourism with a community-based approach in Guilān Province. This research is applied in purpose and follows a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population includes residents of villages with thriving tourism sectors as well as local business owners. To determine the sample size, Morgan's table was used, identifying 384 individuals. However, to enhance reliability and minimize errors, the sample size was expanded. Ultimately, 550 questionnaires were completed by villagers and 220 by business owners. For data analysis, AMOS (version 24) was used to assess goodness-of-fit indices, followed by path analysis in SPSS (version 26) to evaluate the state of community-based tourism in Guilān Province. The findings reveal that management and sustainability of tourism businesses, ownership in tourism activities, local employment, community participation in tourism initiatives, and equitable distribution of benefits play a significant role in fostering community-based tourism in rural areas of Guilān. Therefore, by creating a secure environment for local investment, providing essential facilities for easier access to financial services, supporting youth entrepreneurship, and implementing legal protections for local communities, it is possible to enhance and expand community-based tourism in the region.The aim of this study was to analyze the status of rural tourism with a community-based approach in Guilān Province. This research is applied in purpose and follows a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population includes residents of villages with thriving tourism sectors as well as local business owners. To determine the sample size, Morgan's table was used, identifying 384 individuals. However, to enhance reliability and minimize errors, the sample size was expanded. Ultimately, 550 questionnaires were completed by villagers and 220 by business owners. For data analysis, AMOS (version 24) was used to assess goodness-of-fit indices, followed by path analysis in SPSS (version 26) to evaluate the state of community-based tourism in Guilān Province. The findings reveal that management and sustainability of tourism businesses, ownership in tourism activities, local employment, community participation in tourism initiatives, and equitable distribution of benefits play a significant role in fostering community-based tourism in rural areas of Guilān. Therefore, by creating a secure environment for local investment, providing essential facilities for easier access to financial services, supporting youth entrepreneurship, and implementing legal protections for local communities, it is possible to enhance and expand community-based tourism in the region.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8865_a4190f04c7a3f42d764f567601dc71e6.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321Investigating the security challenges of drought and water crisis in khuzestanInvestigating the security challenges of drought and water crisis in khuzestan2139886610.22124/gscaj.2025.25366.1263FAHoshangMoradiPhD student of geography and urban planning, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.SaeidMalekiProfessor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20230907Today, climate change is considered as the main threat to water security in the world. The future peace and security of the world is the closely related to the issue of weather and climate change. the water shortage crisis is a crisis that both Iran and the international community are facing in varying degrees. Due to the location of Khuzestan province in the arid and semi- arid region of the west of the country, as well as successive droughts, in terms of water resources and the supply of drinking water, agriculture and industry have faced a kind of crisis.<br />This has made it necessary to investigate and explain the security consequences of drought and water tensions resulting from it in Khuzestan province. In terms of purpose, this research is fundamental applied, and in terms of data it is considered a quantitative and qualitative (mixed) type of research. Which has been done in a descriptive- analytical way, and document research and field studies (questionnaires, interviews) have been used to collect data. In this research, in the first part, using statistical tests, the effect of drought and water stress on security in Khuzestan province was discussed. Then, using the swat method in order to analyze the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities of khuzestan province in facing the effects and consequences of drought.<br />The findings of the research show that, in the context of the impact of drought and water tensions resulting from it on the security of Khuzestan province, it should be said; the greatest impact on the change of land use with and average of 3.70 and the decrease in the amount of investment in the province with an average of 3.41, and the least impact on the aggravation of financial poverty and income sources The decrease in the quality of water resources in the province respectively with the averages of 2.47 and has had 2.96. according to the scoring of the existing items from the swat model, a total score of 1.66 internal factors (0.632 strengths and 1.33 weaknesses) and 1.90 external factors (0.776 opportunities and 1.13 threats) has been obtained; increase in the price of inputs, decrease in cultivated area of crops, increase in stress and psychological pressure, insecurity and decrease in purchasing power, decrease in the quality of water resources have had a greater impact than drought and water stress in the region. These factors had a high priority. The findings of the research show that the water crisis in this province can lead to ethnic, local, national and regional tensions, increase in immigration, increase in crime rate, lack of trust in the central government, etc.Today, climate change is considered as the main threat to water security in the world. The future peace and security of the world is the closely related to the issue of weather and climate change. the water shortage crisis is a crisis that both Iran and the international community are facing in varying degrees. Due to the location of Khuzestan province in the arid and semi- arid region of the west of the country, as well as successive droughts, in terms of water resources and the supply of drinking water, agriculture and industry have faced a kind of crisis.<br />This has made it necessary to investigate and explain the security consequences of drought and water tensions resulting from it in Khuzestan province. In terms of purpose, this research is fundamental applied, and in terms of data it is considered a quantitative and qualitative (mixed) type of research. Which has been done in a descriptive- analytical way, and document research and field studies (questionnaires, interviews) have been used to collect data. In this research, in the first part, using statistical tests, the effect of drought and water stress on security in Khuzestan province was discussed. Then, using the swat method in order to analyze the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities of khuzestan province in facing the effects and consequences of drought.<br />The findings of the research show that, in the context of the impact of drought and water tensions resulting from it on the security of Khuzestan province, it should be said; the greatest impact on the change of land use with and average of 3.70 and the decrease in the amount of investment in the province with an average of 3.41, and the least impact on the aggravation of financial poverty and income sources The decrease in the quality of water resources in the province respectively with the averages of 2.47 and has had 2.96. according to the scoring of the existing items from the swat model, a total score of 1.66 internal factors (0.632 strengths and 1.33 weaknesses) and 1.90 external factors (0.776 opportunities and 1.13 threats) has been obtained; increase in the price of inputs, decrease in cultivated area of crops, increase in stress and psychological pressure, insecurity and decrease in purchasing power, decrease in the quality of water resources have had a greater impact than drought and water stress in the region. These factors had a high priority. The findings of the research show that the water crisis in this province can lead to ethnic, local, national and regional tensions, increase in immigration, increase in crime rate, lack of trust in the central government, etc.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8866_50af3bda5d53f46701ef7d8eae060ee1.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321The Effect of Climatic Elements on Creating Criminal Opportunities for the Theft (Case Study: Bandar Anzali)The Effect of Climatic Elements on Creating Criminal Opportunities for the Theft (Case Study: Bandar Anzali)4161887010.22124/gscaj.2025.25383.1265FAMohammad RezaPourghoulami SarvandaniAssociate Professor, Department of Geography, Amin Comprehensive University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran.BahmanFasihiAssistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences, Amin Comprehensive University of Police Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20230827This study examined the impact of weather on theft crime and its spatial distribution. Crime occurs when offenders and potential targets converge. The research highlighted the role of climatic factors in creating opportunities for theft in the coastal city of Bandar Anzali between 2016 and 2020. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach with a spatiotemporal analysis perspective. The unit of analysis included all burglary data collected from the Police 110 database and climatic data obtained from a reliable meteorological source. Statistical analyses were conducted using ArcMap software. The Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) index was employed to analyze the spatial distribution of theft data, while the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method was used for crime mapping. Additionally, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) function was applied to estimate and predict theft crime density. The study also utilized the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. The findings revealed that the highest occurrence of theft was in Zone 7 of Anzali, while the lowest was in Zone 1 of Ghāziān. The summarized results of the OLS regression model showed that climatic variables influenced theft crime, with some coefficients being positive and others negative. For instance, during spring, positive coefficients for minimum temperature were associated with an increase in theft, while negative coefficients for maximum temperature corresponded to a decrease in theft. Considering the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values, which were below 7.5, the regression model demonstrated reliable predictions for some variables. To assess the compatibility of climatic variables with theft crime in the geographical space, the results of the Breusch-Pagan (BP) test indicated that in all seasons, the p-value was greater than 0.05, showing the model's compatibility with the variables. This study clearly revealed that offenders adapt their criminal behaviors to the climatic conditions they encounter.This study examined the impact of weather on theft crime and its spatial distribution. Crime occurs when offenders and potential targets converge. The research highlighted the role of climatic factors in creating opportunities for theft in the coastal city of Bandar Anzali between 2016 and 2020. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach with a spatiotemporal analysis perspective. The unit of analysis included all burglary data collected from the Police 110 database and climatic data obtained from a reliable meteorological source. Statistical analyses were conducted using ArcMap software. The Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) index was employed to analyze the spatial distribution of theft data, while the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method was used for crime mapping. Additionally, the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) function was applied to estimate and predict theft crime density. The study also utilized the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. The findings revealed that the highest occurrence of theft was in Zone 7 of Anzali, while the lowest was in Zone 1 of Ghāziān. The summarized results of the OLS regression model showed that climatic variables influenced theft crime, with some coefficients being positive and others negative. For instance, during spring, positive coefficients for minimum temperature were associated with an increase in theft, while negative coefficients for maximum temperature corresponded to a decrease in theft. Considering the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values, which were below 7.5, the regression model demonstrated reliable predictions for some variables. To assess the compatibility of climatic variables with theft crime in the geographical space, the results of the Breusch-Pagan (BP) test indicated that in all seasons, the p-value was greater than 0.05, showing the model's compatibility with the variables. This study clearly revealed that offenders adapt their criminal behaviors to the climatic conditions they encounter.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8870_e509163901e1e8c6d45ce27de9ab5e6b.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321Bathymetry in Abu Musā Island Using Remote Sensing TechniquesBathymetry in Abu Musā Island Using Remote Sensing Techniques6377886710.22124/gscaj.2025.26528.1288FAParvanehSobhaniAssistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.MahyarMajidy NikPh.D. student of oceanography, Researcher of the Department of Environmental Geography Studies, Madde Danesh Studies Center, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240120Bathymetry is particular important for managing and monitoring coastal islands and preparing accurate maps and information about these shallow areas. In this regard, bathymetry using satellite imagery has provided a broad perspective in shallow coastal areas due to its high efficiency and low cost. Therefore, in the present study, an experimental bathymetry study of Abu Musā island was conducted with the aim of obtaining more information about the phenomena and features of shallow water areas using Sentinel-2 images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) web platform. Additionally, pre-processing was also carried out to remove the effects of surface reflection for accurate bathymetry estimation in two time periods, tidal and non-tidal, in comparison with the ICZM project data. According to the results, in Abou Musā Island, the classification of bathymetric points during tidal conditions had correlation coefficients and errors of R2 = 0.96 and RMSE = 1.11, and outside the low tide, R2 = 0.74 and RMSE = 2.3. The obtained results indicated that the bathymetric accuracy has decreased due to tidal effects in this island. This means that due to the shallow water column in the intertidal areas, the relationship between the logarithm ratio and water depth cannot be properly evaluated, because there is not enough correlation between the data used to define the logarithm/depth relationship, which results in a decrease in the correlation coefficient between the green/blue band ratio and water depth in the intertidal area (during the calibration of the experimental bathymetric technique). Furthermore, the validation results of the measured depth points and the estimated depth points showed that there is a high correlation between these points. These results indicated the high accuracy of the Sentinel-2 satellite images and the pre-processing set performed in the experimental bathymetry process in shallow coastal areas. Therefore, this technique can be used as an efficient method in the bathymetry process in other target islands and shallow coastal areas.Bathymetry is particular important for managing and monitoring coastal islands and preparing accurate maps and information about these shallow areas. In this regard, bathymetry using satellite imagery has provided a broad perspective in shallow coastal areas due to its high efficiency and low cost. Therefore, in the present study, an experimental bathymetry study of Abu Musā island was conducted with the aim of obtaining more information about the phenomena and features of shallow water areas using Sentinel-2 images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) web platform. Additionally, pre-processing was also carried out to remove the effects of surface reflection for accurate bathymetry estimation in two time periods, tidal and non-tidal, in comparison with the ICZM project data. According to the results, in Abou Musā Island, the classification of bathymetric points during tidal conditions had correlation coefficients and errors of R2 = 0.96 and RMSE = 1.11, and outside the low tide, R2 = 0.74 and RMSE = 2.3. The obtained results indicated that the bathymetric accuracy has decreased due to tidal effects in this island. This means that due to the shallow water column in the intertidal areas, the relationship between the logarithm ratio and water depth cannot be properly evaluated, because there is not enough correlation between the data used to define the logarithm/depth relationship, which results in a decrease in the correlation coefficient between the green/blue band ratio and water depth in the intertidal area (during the calibration of the experimental bathymetric technique). Furthermore, the validation results of the measured depth points and the estimated depth points showed that there is a high correlation between these points. These results indicated the high accuracy of the Sentinel-2 satellite images and the pre-processing set performed in the experimental bathymetry process in shallow coastal areas. Therefore, this technique can be used as an efficient method in the bathymetry process in other target islands and shallow coastal areas.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8867_13f13a1a82d8f7a6ee4f391cd6a480b2.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321The Bidirectional Relationship Between Knowledge and Power in Creating Justice-Oriented Urban Spaces (Case Study: The City of Rasht - Comparison of Current and Desired Conditions)The Bidirectional Relationship Between Knowledge and Power in Creating Justice-Oriented Urban Spaces (Case Study: The City of Rasht - Comparison of Current and Desired Conditions)79101886810.22124/gscaj.2025.26651.1292FAMonaEbrahim ParvarPh.D. Candidate, Department of Urbanization, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.HamidMajediProfessor, Department of Urbanization, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Zahra Sadat SaeidehZarabadiAssociate Professor, Department of Urbanization, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240203Nowadays, due to social inequalities and lack of power in a group of people, the search for justice has become one of the goals of planning. Also, ignoring the role of power in formulating the foundations of a justice-centered city is a factor that makes the feasibility of approaches to a justice-centered city doubtful. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the role of knowledge-power theory in creating justice-oriented urban spaces. This research is an applied-developmental research. The method of collecting library and field information (observation and questionnaire) as well as the statistical community includes the city's citizens and people who are experts and experts in the affairs of urban issues, and the sampling of the statistical community of citizens was done randomly and experts through snowball sampling. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. In order to investigate the position of spatial justice in Rasht city, the research model was evaluated using the structural equation modeling technique and the existing and desired situation was compared with the one-sample T-test. Based on the conceptual framework of the research, the obtained indicators include spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation. The results of the research show that it is necessary to identify the role of powers and the influence of influential forces in the society for the fundamental movement of planning. In fact, the justice-oriented city provides an empowering framework for urban actors to improve the quality of life through it.Nowadays, due to social inequalities and lack of power in a group of people, the search for justice has become one of the goals of planning. Also, ignoring the role of power in formulating the foundations of a justice-centered city is a factor that makes the feasibility of approaches to a justice-centered city doubtful. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the role of knowledge-power theory in creating justice-oriented urban spaces. This research is an applied-developmental research. The method of collecting library and field information (observation and questionnaire) as well as the statistical community includes the city's citizens and people who are experts and experts in the affairs of urban issues, and the sampling of the statistical community of citizens was done randomly and experts through snowball sampling. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. In order to investigate the position of spatial justice in Rasht city, the research model was evaluated using the structural equation modeling technique and the existing and desired situation was compared with the one-sample T-test. Based on the conceptual framework of the research, the obtained indicators include spatial knowledge, guidance and control, and participation. The results of the research show that it is necessary to identify the role of powers and the influence of influential forces in the society for the fundamental movement of planning. In fact, the justice-oriented city provides an empowering framework for urban actors to improve the quality of life through it.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8868_1aaebbaf7d7ba50d39d1d922ca67e241.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11916120250321Analysis of the Principle of Privacy in Traditional Houses of Guilan Using Spatial Syntax Technique (Case study: Guilan Plain Region)Analysis of the Principle of Privacy in Traditional Houses of Guilan Using Spatial Syntax Technique (Case study: Guilan Plain Region)103117886910.22124/gscaj.2025.27645.1307FASholehKarimi ShiraziPh. D Candidate, Department of Architecture, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.KamalRahbari ManeshAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.JamaleddinSoheiliAssistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.Journal Article20240606One of the principles of Islamic worldview and culture considered an ethical and cultural value in the social life of Muslims, is the principle of privacy, which has also influenced the formation of spaces. This is particularly evident in the traditional houses of Iran's central plateau, often characterized by introversion and hierarchical access to spaces. However, this principle does not apply in the Caspian region's temperate and humid climate, where architecture is extroverted. Therefore, the principle of privacy in this region cannot manifest through introversion. Hence, the main goal of this research was to uncover how the principle of privacy is maintained in extroverted architecture. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between extroversion and privacy by analyzing the spatial-physical structure of indigenous houses in the plains of Guilan, using the space syntax technique. The samples were six traditional houses in Guilan’s plain. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and data was collected using field and literature review. Data analysis was performed using the mathematical relations of space syntax and the Depthmap and A-Graph software, focusing on the principles of "hierarchy" and "spatial positioning." The study examined the following indices: connectivity, relative asymmetry, relative integration, relative depth, and metric depth. Findings indicated that the privacy components were more prominent in houses with a square (rectangular) structural pattern compared to those with U-shaped and L-shaped patterns. Since the square (rectangular) pattern closely resembles the central courtyard pattern used in introverted architecture, it can be inferred that simultaneously adhering to the three principles of introversion, hierarchy, and spatial positioning enhances privacy in spaces. The results revealed that despite the extroverted characteristics of traditional Guilan houses, this feature does not prevent the application of the principle of privacy. The architecture of these houses, regardless of their mass-to-space ratio, maintains a privacy model due to adherence to other privacy-enhancing principles such as hierarchy, spatial positioning, and controlled access.One of the principles of Islamic worldview and culture considered an ethical and cultural value in the social life of Muslims, is the principle of privacy, which has also influenced the formation of spaces. This is particularly evident in the traditional houses of Iran's central plateau, often characterized by introversion and hierarchical access to spaces. However, this principle does not apply in the Caspian region's temperate and humid climate, where architecture is extroverted. Therefore, the principle of privacy in this region cannot manifest through introversion. Hence, the main goal of this research was to uncover how the principle of privacy is maintained in extroverted architecture. Accordingly, the present study aimed to explore the relationship between extroversion and privacy by analyzing the spatial-physical structure of indigenous houses in the plains of Guilan, using the space syntax technique. The samples were six traditional houses in Guilan’s plain. The research method was descriptive-analytical, and data was collected using field and literature review. Data analysis was performed using the mathematical relations of space syntax and the Depthmap and A-Graph software, focusing on the principles of "hierarchy" and "spatial positioning." The study examined the following indices: connectivity, relative asymmetry, relative integration, relative depth, and metric depth. Findings indicated that the privacy components were more prominent in houses with a square (rectangular) structural pattern compared to those with U-shaped and L-shaped patterns. Since the square (rectangular) pattern closely resembles the central courtyard pattern used in introverted architecture, it can be inferred that simultaneously adhering to the three principles of introversion, hierarchy, and spatial positioning enhances privacy in spaces. The results revealed that despite the extroverted characteristics of traditional Guilan houses, this feature does not prevent the application of the principle of privacy. The architecture of these houses, regardless of their mass-to-space ratio, maintains a privacy model due to adherence to other privacy-enhancing principles such as hierarchy, spatial positioning, and controlled access.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_8869_d70478b01eae1bf13d3384c7329b6221.pdf