University of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320Pathology of sea-oriented development of Persian Gulf and Makran Sea with emphasis on external factorsPathology of sea-oriented development of Persian Gulf and Makran Sea with emphasis on external factors116779710.22124/gscaj.2024.24182.1226FAAmir NezamBaratiAssistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Maritime Commissar, Imām Khomeini Maritime Science University, Noshahr, Iran.HamidrezaAkbarpoor. PhD in Public International Law, Middle East Strategic Studies Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-3159-3625Journal Article20230327Sea-oriented development has been one of the concepts proposed in the last few decades by maritime development theorists. In fact, sea-oriented development is a general concept that includes all sea-oriented capacities. This concept is especially important for Iran as a maritime country, and it is a shortcut to development for this country. In this study, the sea-oriented development pathology of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea was analyzed using the descriptive analytical method. This research shows that the beaches of Makran and a large part of the coasts of the Persian Gulf have remained untouched and have been neglected from the point of view of development components. This is if the potential capacity of these beaches can be turned into the actual capacity by expanding the investment and creating the necessary development infrastructures and providing the development of the region. Also, these beaches are very important in various areas of sea-oriented development, such as the settlement of a part of the population of the central and low-water plateau of Iran, under the condition of creating new coastal cities, development of marine transportation, production of marine energy, raw materials and marine minerals, and marine tourism. In addition to paying attention to the potential and actual capacities, the reasons for the lack of development of these areas also help to facilitate the sea-oriented development and understand the conditions. In general, the lack of sea-oriented development in these areas is due to the lack of a sea-oriented development plan, lack of capital attraction, especially foreign investment. This situation, in turn, is caused by primary factors such as international and unilateral sanctions and failure to join the special financial action group and follow its recommendations; and secondary factors such as Iran's permanent membership in the World Trade Organization and joining and strengthening international networks centered on the Persian Gulf and Makran Sea. The importance of removing the above obstacles is important for the entry of technology into Iran. The introduction of new technologies, in turn, can facilitate sea-oriented development. The possibility of Iran's development through sea-oriented development, especially by relying on the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea, is more feasible and potential than other ways. Therefore, resolving regional and international disputes and reducing the level of tension in order to remove unilateral and international sanctions, Iran's membership in the World Trade Organization and strengthening the corridors centered on Iran, and joining the special financial action group and following the 40 recommendations of this organization are effective.Sea-oriented development has been one of the concepts proposed in the last few decades by maritime development theorists. In fact, sea-oriented development is a general concept that includes all sea-oriented capacities. This concept is especially important for Iran as a maritime country, and it is a shortcut to development for this country. In this study, the sea-oriented development pathology of the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea was analyzed using the descriptive analytical method. This research shows that the beaches of Makran and a large part of the coasts of the Persian Gulf have remained untouched and have been neglected from the point of view of development components. This is if the potential capacity of these beaches can be turned into the actual capacity by expanding the investment and creating the necessary development infrastructures and providing the development of the region. Also, these beaches are very important in various areas of sea-oriented development, such as the settlement of a part of the population of the central and low-water plateau of Iran, under the condition of creating new coastal cities, development of marine transportation, production of marine energy, raw materials and marine minerals, and marine tourism. In addition to paying attention to the potential and actual capacities, the reasons for the lack of development of these areas also help to facilitate the sea-oriented development and understand the conditions. In general, the lack of sea-oriented development in these areas is due to the lack of a sea-oriented development plan, lack of capital attraction, especially foreign investment. This situation, in turn, is caused by primary factors such as international and unilateral sanctions and failure to join the special financial action group and follow its recommendations; and secondary factors such as Iran's permanent membership in the World Trade Organization and joining and strengthening international networks centered on the Persian Gulf and Makran Sea. The importance of removing the above obstacles is important for the entry of technology into Iran. The introduction of new technologies, in turn, can facilitate sea-oriented development. The possibility of Iran's development through sea-oriented development, especially by relying on the Persian Gulf and the Makran Sea, is more feasible and potential than other ways. Therefore, resolving regional and international disputes and reducing the level of tension in order to remove unilateral and international sanctions, Iran's membership in the World Trade Organization and strengthening the corridors centered on Iran, and joining the special financial action group and following the 40 recommendations of this organization are effective.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7797_ac74809ec7b877a5b75d8826269e3297.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320Futures Studies on Spatial-Strategic Urban Tourism Development in Kish Island with a Sustainable Development ApproachFutures Studies on Spatial-Strategic Urban Tourism Development in Kish Island with a Sustainable Development Approach1736779810.22124/gscaj.2022.20468.1094FAShivaPourghorbanPh. D student of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Kish international campus of University of Tehran, Kish: Iran.AhmadPour Ahmad,Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AliRezaDarbna AstaneAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Rural planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.SaeedZanganeh ShahrakeiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20210828Given natural, historical, and cultural attractions, cities are considered important tourist destinations. Urban tourism development brings positive and negative economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. This issue becomes particularly significant concerning sustainable development. Currently, the development of sustainable tourism plays such a role in the economic, social, and cultural development of the countries that economists consider it the engine of the country's development. The development of tourism in the world requires the efficiency of the management system, the strengthening of the infrastructure, and the improvement of the necessary capacities. One of the most important factors in the development of tourism in any region is how it is managed. This research aimed to investigate the future of spatial-strategic urban tourism development of Kish Island with a sustainable development approach and to compare the scenario writing method, SWOT analysis, and SOAR strategic model. The research method was exploratory and descriptive-analytical, which was conducted using library and field studies resulting from interviews and questionnaires (in two stages using the Delphi method). The sample included 54 officials and experts of tourism, urban planning and development and civil engineering of Kish Free Zone Organization, professors and experts of other disciplines related to the urban and tourism field, and 100 tourists and residents. SPSS software, one-sample T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze data. To determine the drivers of development and key factors, first 45 of the indicators that showed more than 60% uncertainty were selected, and then 30 were identified as influential factors by forming a panel of experts. For data analysis, interaction effects analysis method was used in MicMac software. The results indicated the instability of variables within the system. After identifying the influencing, dual, independent, and dependent factors, three scenarios for the sustainable development of Kish Island were developed based on the dependent factors, which included efficient tourism management, public participation, job creation, and income generation. The scenarios were compared with the strategies derived from the SWOT analysis and the SOAR strategic model. Finally, the point density method in GIS software was used to analyze the tourism space of Kish Island.Given natural, historical, and cultural attractions, cities are considered important tourist destinations. Urban tourism development brings positive and negative economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. This issue becomes particularly significant concerning sustainable development. Currently, the development of sustainable tourism plays such a role in the economic, social, and cultural development of the countries that economists consider it the engine of the country's development. The development of tourism in the world requires the efficiency of the management system, the strengthening of the infrastructure, and the improvement of the necessary capacities. One of the most important factors in the development of tourism in any region is how it is managed. This research aimed to investigate the future of spatial-strategic urban tourism development of Kish Island with a sustainable development approach and to compare the scenario writing method, SWOT analysis, and SOAR strategic model. The research method was exploratory and descriptive-analytical, which was conducted using library and field studies resulting from interviews and questionnaires (in two stages using the Delphi method). The sample included 54 officials and experts of tourism, urban planning and development and civil engineering of Kish Free Zone Organization, professors and experts of other disciplines related to the urban and tourism field, and 100 tourists and residents. SPSS software, one-sample T-test and ANOVA were used to analyze data. To determine the drivers of development and key factors, first 45 of the indicators that showed more than 60% uncertainty were selected, and then 30 were identified as influential factors by forming a panel of experts. For data analysis, interaction effects analysis method was used in MicMac software. The results indicated the instability of variables within the system. After identifying the influencing, dual, independent, and dependent factors, three scenarios for the sustainable development of Kish Island were developed based on the dependent factors, which included efficient tourism management, public participation, job creation, and income generation. The scenarios were compared with the strategies derived from the SWOT analysis and the SOAR strategic model. Finally, the point density method in GIS software was used to analyze the tourism space of Kish Island.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7798_ab74ff6cb1c6c3ca177d5740291ad06c.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320Explaining the Future Scenarios for Transferring Zab River to Lake UrmiaExplaining the Future Scenarios for Transferring Zab River to Lake Urmia3755779910.22124/gscaj.2024.23850.1217FAZakeyehAftabiPhD student, Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.MoradKaviani RadAssociate Professor, Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.HamedKardan MoghadamScientific staff of Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran. E-mailJournal Article20230213The mismanagement and unsustainable exploitation of the water resources of Lake Urmia basin along with climate change has led to a substantial reduction in the water level of this lake. Over the past decade and a half, different plans have been implemented to improve the natural condition of Lake Urmia, among which is the plan to transfer the Zab River water to this lake.<strong> </strong>The research method was descriptive-analytical using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software, which develops and examines the future scenarios for transferring Zab River to Lake Urmia. The results indicated that out of 24 possible situations related to four scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, there were situations that represented desirable and critical conditions for the future inter-basin transfer scenarios from the Zab River to Lake Urmia. Intermittent conditions (semi-optimal, static, and critical) accounted for a negligible percentage. Accordingly, for the optimal situation, a scenario of comprehensive management of water resources and accurate planning has been formulated, aiming to improve the natural condition of Lake Urmia and, consequently, the economic, social, and political situation of this basin without harming the Zab River basin and its dependent areas. For the critical state, a scenario of transferring the Zab River to Lake Urmia has been developed, leading to disruption in the balance of the natural, economic, socio-cultural, and political ecosystem of the Zab River basin, and the desired outcome is not achieved in the Lake Urmia basin.The mismanagement and unsustainable exploitation of the water resources of Lake Urmia basin along with climate change has led to a substantial reduction in the water level of this lake. Over the past decade and a half, different plans have been implemented to improve the natural condition of Lake Urmia, among which is the plan to transfer the Zab River water to this lake.<strong> </strong>The research method was descriptive-analytical using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software, which develops and examines the future scenarios for transferring Zab River to Lake Urmia. The results indicated that out of 24 possible situations related to four scenarios with strong and probable compatibility, there were situations that represented desirable and critical conditions for the future inter-basin transfer scenarios from the Zab River to Lake Urmia. Intermittent conditions (semi-optimal, static, and critical) accounted for a negligible percentage. Accordingly, for the optimal situation, a scenario of comprehensive management of water resources and accurate planning has been formulated, aiming to improve the natural condition of Lake Urmia and, consequently, the economic, social, and political situation of this basin without harming the Zab River basin and its dependent areas. For the critical state, a scenario of transferring the Zab River to Lake Urmia has been developed, leading to disruption in the balance of the natural, economic, socio-cultural, and political ecosystem of the Zab River basin, and the desired outcome is not achieved in the Lake Urmia basin.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7799_848b763162e34d034565e2a00ec93b0b.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320Analysis of the Affecting Factors on Housing Prices in Coastal Areas (Case Study: Urmia City)Analysis of the Affecting Factors on Housing Prices in Coastal Areas (Case Study: Urmia City)5776780010.22124/gscaj.2024.24297.1228FAAliJafariPh. D student of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran.BakhtyarEzatpanahAssistant Professor of Department of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand,IranBashirBeygbabayeAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Malekan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran.Journal Article20230413Housing sector and its price is influenced by many factors. These factors can be divided into supply and demand factors, and each of these factors includes many variables. Since the non-homogeneity of the housing market in all provinces, the evidence indicates that the housing market should be looked at regionally. This article aimed to analyze the factors affecting housing prices in Urmia. The research was applied with a descriptive-analytical approach, and various library methods, surveys, and interviews have been used to collect data. It was applied-developmental in terms of purpose and aimed to identify and build a conceptual model using structural equations (Smart PLS) for housing prices in Urmia and it was exploratory in nature. Also, it was a mixed methods research. The research population included 30 experts who were selected purposefully. The results showed that four social, physical, managerial, and economic components explain 70% of housing prices. In such a way that the combined coefficient of each component depends on other components as well. In other words, the composite coefficient showed to what extent the housing price growth in Urmia City has been affected by the shock on the economic component with other influential components. The analysis of the path coefficients related to the 4 investigated components showed that economic (E), managerial (M), physical (Ph), and social (S) components with values of 0.169, 0.014, 0.088, and 0.033 respectively have had the most impact on the housing prices in Urmia.Housing sector and its price is influenced by many factors. These factors can be divided into supply and demand factors, and each of these factors includes many variables. Since the non-homogeneity of the housing market in all provinces, the evidence indicates that the housing market should be looked at regionally. This article aimed to analyze the factors affecting housing prices in Urmia. The research was applied with a descriptive-analytical approach, and various library methods, surveys, and interviews have been used to collect data. It was applied-developmental in terms of purpose and aimed to identify and build a conceptual model using structural equations (Smart PLS) for housing prices in Urmia and it was exploratory in nature. Also, it was a mixed methods research. The research population included 30 experts who were selected purposefully. The results showed that four social, physical, managerial, and economic components explain 70% of housing prices. In such a way that the combined coefficient of each component depends on other components as well. In other words, the composite coefficient showed to what extent the housing price growth in Urmia City has been affected by the shock on the economic component with other influential components. The analysis of the path coefficients related to the 4 investigated components showed that economic (E), managerial (M), physical (Ph), and social (S) components with values of 0.169, 0.014, 0.088, and 0.033 respectively have had the most impact on the housing prices in Urmia.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7800_7b0a062d877500faaea924a3f9119e85.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320Feasibility Study of Achieving the Water Tourism Development in Khuzestān Province (Case Study: Shushtar and Gotvand Hydraulic System)Feasibility Study of Achieving the Water Tourism Development in Khuzestān Province (Case Study: Shushtar and Gotvand Hydraulic System)7797780110.22124/gscaj.2024.24439.1234FASeyed Mohammad AliMousavi AlizadehMA student in hydraulic structures, Shahid Chamrān University of Ahvāz, Ahvāz, IranMehdiZeinivandAssistant Professor of Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamrān University of Ahvāz, Ahvāz, Iran.JavadAhadianAssociate Professor of Hydraulic Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamrān University of Ahvāz, Ahvāz, Iran.SaeidAmanpourAssociate Professor of Jeography and urban planning, Faculty of humanities, Shahid Chamrān University of Ahvāz, Ahvāz, Iran.HushangMoradiPhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of humanities, Shahid Chamrān University of Ahvāz, Ahvāz, Iran.Journal Article20230509Tourism is one of the most important factors influencing the economic growth and the development of contemporary societies. It is defined as a tool for stimulating marginal economies, promoting and developing through the creation of employment and income, which has expanded significantly over the past few decades. One of the most attractive branches of the tourism industry that has received more attention in recent years is water tourism. Water tourism, especially when the profitability of other economic sectors is declining, is a suitable alternative and a strategic approach for development. This study aimed to provide macro strategies and identify the potential of hydraulic structures for the development of water tourism. This research was a fundamental study in terms of its objective and a survey in its nature and method. The research population included 376 tourists, experts, and residents (in the study area) selected using a random sampling method. The necessary data were collected through questionnaires, and the output was modeled using the Minitab statistical software and structural equations (EQS). Finally, the proposed strategies were extracted in the form of the SOAR strategic model. The results of the data analysis showed that in the current situation, the greatest feasibility pertained to the economic and managerial-infrastructural indicators. The findings also indicated that the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable can be predicted up to 51%, and the significance between independent and dependent variables is evident up to 95%. Among the components related to the development of water tourism, economic components, with a beta coefficient of 363%, and managerial-infrastructural factors, with a beta coefficient of 206%, have the most significant impact on attracting tourists and developing water tourism in the region. Furthermore, the output of SOAR indicated that the most important executive strategy according to stakeholders and experts was the readiness of citizens to host the tourists, the presence of a tourist attraction spirit, the abundance of tourist-historical facilities, and the commitment and importance placed by relevant managers on developing tourism in the region.Tourism is one of the most important factors influencing the economic growth and the development of contemporary societies. It is defined as a tool for stimulating marginal economies, promoting and developing through the creation of employment and income, which has expanded significantly over the past few decades. One of the most attractive branches of the tourism industry that has received more attention in recent years is water tourism. Water tourism, especially when the profitability of other economic sectors is declining, is a suitable alternative and a strategic approach for development. This study aimed to provide macro strategies and identify the potential of hydraulic structures for the development of water tourism. This research was a fundamental study in terms of its objective and a survey in its nature and method. The research population included 376 tourists, experts, and residents (in the study area) selected using a random sampling method. The necessary data were collected through questionnaires, and the output was modeled using the Minitab statistical software and structural equations (EQS). Finally, the proposed strategies were extracted in the form of the SOAR strategic model. The results of the data analysis showed that in the current situation, the greatest feasibility pertained to the economic and managerial-infrastructural indicators. The findings also indicated that the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable can be predicted up to 51%, and the significance between independent and dependent variables is evident up to 95%. Among the components related to the development of water tourism, economic components, with a beta coefficient of 363%, and managerial-infrastructural factors, with a beta coefficient of 206%, have the most significant impact on attracting tourists and developing water tourism in the region. Furthermore, the output of SOAR indicated that the most important executive strategy according to stakeholders and experts was the readiness of citizens to host the tourists, the presence of a tourist attraction spirit, the abundance of tourist-historical facilities, and the commitment and importance placed by relevant managers on developing tourism in the region.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7801_a8fb87fb9b102920e4d30386dbd3e236.pdfUniversity of GuilanGeographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal2783-11915120240320An Analysis of the Laws of the Maritime Zones of the United Arab Emirates in the Light of the International Law of the Seas:
The instance of Iran's territorial interestsAn Analysis of the Laws of the Maritime Zones of the United Arab Emirates in the Light of the International Law of the Seas:
The instance of Iran's territorial interests99119780210.22124/gscaj.2024.24486.1236FARezaAllahverdizadehAssistant Professor, Department of Political Geography, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran.Journal Article20230511This research explains the differences and ambiguities of the UAE Maritime Zones Laws with the International Convention on the Law of the Sea by comparing the UAE's 1993 Maritime Zones Law and other maritime laws of this state with the provisions of the 1982 International Convention on the Law of the Sea. The current research was fundamental-applicative in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The data collection has been done with the library research and the available documents. The maritime laws of the UAE, the text of the Convention on the International Law of the Sea, the statements of the United Arab Emirates based on the documents of the United Nations have been studied and reviewed. The findings of the research showed that most of the UAE laws were derived from the text and content of the convention. The UAE Maritime Law on how to draw straight baselines and in Articles (2) (Application of the law of internal waters for islands that are 12 miles apart), (5) (exceptions mentioned for innocent passage); (7) (expansion of the territorial sea in the exclusive economic zone); (10) (security jurisdiction in the contiguous zone), and (26) (imprisonment punish for violation of the provisions in maritime zones) of the Maritime Zones Act of 1993 are different from the Convention or are ambiguous and disputed by states. The way the UAE's baselines are drawn has an important impact on the maritime jurisdiction of opposite and adjacent states, including Iran.This research explains the differences and ambiguities of the UAE Maritime Zones Laws with the International Convention on the Law of the Sea by comparing the UAE's 1993 Maritime Zones Law and other maritime laws of this state with the provisions of the 1982 International Convention on the Law of the Sea. The current research was fundamental-applicative in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The data collection has been done with the library research and the available documents. The maritime laws of the UAE, the text of the Convention on the International Law of the Sea, the statements of the United Arab Emirates based on the documents of the United Nations have been studied and reviewed. The findings of the research showed that most of the UAE laws were derived from the text and content of the convention. The UAE Maritime Law on how to draw straight baselines and in Articles (2) (Application of the law of internal waters for islands that are 12 miles apart), (5) (exceptions mentioned for innocent passage); (7) (expansion of the territorial sea in the exclusive economic zone); (10) (security jurisdiction in the contiguous zone), and (26) (imprisonment punish for violation of the provisions in maritime zones) of the Maritime Zones Act of 1993 are different from the Convention or are ambiguous and disputed by states. The way the UAE's baselines are drawn has an important impact on the maritime jurisdiction of opposite and adjacent states, including Iran.https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7802_65cdf8a2c4ac4a256dcbe04c80a2f717.pdf