University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Investigating the promoting and inhibiting factors of the rural guide plan from the point of view of experts in Mazandaran province Investigating the promoting and inhibiting factors of the rural guide plan from the point of view of experts in Mazandaran province 1 20 7381 10.22124/gscaj.2023.23368.1203 FA Bahrām Imāni Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Ayoub Amāni PhD student in geography and rural planning, Department of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2022 12 09 Today, villages, with their unique settlement patterns and human livelihoods, require organization and development considering their roles in countries' economic and social aspects. For the preparation and implementation of the Guide (Hādi) plan as the most comprehensive and local rural development plan in Iran, huge costs are spent, and this plan has had significant effects on the physical, social, and economic structure of rural settlements. The multi-dimensional effect of the preparation and implementation of this plan on the area of rural settlements and the communities settled in them doubles the necessity of the pathology of guide's plan. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the pathology of rural development plans with an emphasis on the rural guide plan and also the factors affecting the advancement of the rural guide plans, which was conducted as a case study in Māzandarān province. The current research was descriptive-analytical; documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection. The statistical population of the research was experts and specialists in the field of rural guide plan. The questionnaires were distributed among 30 of them. They were selected using snowball sampling. The pathological criteria of the studied rural development plans included (economic-social-environmental-psychological and content) in the form of 33 questions. Results showed that the criteria of eradicating poverty (3.26), lack of people's participation in the plan (2.93), not considering international laws (3.10), neglecting functions and activities (3.96), the role of private sector (3.46), common understanding of the issues (3.33), investment in the agricultural sector (3.23), identification of geological factors (3.36), are among the damages from viewpoint of experts of guide plan in Māzandarān province. Furthermore, according to experts, the results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the influential factors in advancing rural development projects in Māzandarān province included three dimensions (economic, social, and content-related) within a framework of nine variables. Ultimately, solutions are proposed to address existing challenges and improve the effectiveness of the rural guide plans in enhancing the quality of life for residents in the region.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />One of the characteristics of human settlements is their development and dynamism, which takes its morphology according to each settlement's economic, social, political, and cultural conditions. Rural development is a comprehensive and systemic concept that includes all aspects of the village's economic, social, and cultural life, in addition to the construction and improvement of the village. Ideal and purposeful planning in rural areas requires a comprehensive approach that considers and covers these features. In the past few decades, given the significance of rural development in the national development process, Iranian villages have continuously seen relatively large changes in their lives and residents. In this regard, various approaches have been considered to achieve rural development goals, placing them at the center of attention. A qualitative approach has become widely prevalent in recent decades for critically analyzing various programs and projects. This approach is generally based on engaging stakeholders and transparently elucidating the actual dimensions and consequences of implementing development plans, including rural guide plans. Pathology includes careful consideration of all systems in the investigation of individual problems. Usually, problems and issues are diagnosed with pathology and then investigated.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The aim of this study was applied that has been done using the descriptive-analytical method based on library sources and field studies using questionnaires. Considering that little research has been done in this field, the opinions of professors and experts were used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0.939), which showed the high reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population included experts and specialists in the rural guide plan. This society included all the people (at Māzandarān province) who had scientific expertise and executive experience in the preparation and implementation of guide plans. They included officials, senior managers, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation experts, surveyors, consultants for preparing guide plans, contractors, consulting engineering companies, etc. The snowball sampling method was used to determine the sample size (the first sample determines the following sample in a chain), and 30 specialists of the guide plan were selected as the research sample.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />A one-sample t-test was used to determine the impact of vulnerability indicators on the rural guide plan in Māzandarān province. The test results were rejected because the significant value in most indicators was less than the standard level (0.05). As a result, hypothesis H1 is rejected at a confidence level of 95%, and H0, which implies a significant relationship between the indicators of vulnerability of rural development plans, was confirmed. Unfortunately, in the rural guide plans, the people of the villages, as the owners of the village and the plan, have been neglected. Regardless of the people's wishes and rural potential, the plan is written by authorities holistically. Also, international laws are not considered in the rural guide plans. And it is limited to the old designs that are obsolete in most parts of the world.<br />The results of exploratory factor analysis of 33 components in the field of factors influencing the advancement of the goals of rural guide plans in Māzandarān province in different dimensions, 9 components were identified, which included three factors (economic, social, and content):<br />S9 All organizations and institutions of the ministries participate in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S15 International laws are considered in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S13 The private and public sector participate in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S8 People play an important role in preparing, implementing and evaluating rural plans<br />S12 The private sector plays an effective role in empowering the villagers<br />S17 The government supports rural institutions<br />S11 Human factors affecting internal (local, regional, national) are considered in rural plans.<br />S24 We think that understanding how the chain of events and events occurs in the implementation of these plans is very important.<br />S25 Professional people of the organization are asked to find a solution to identify the problems of the desired plans.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />As the most popular local and rural development plan, the rural guide plan has brought about significant physical changes in the country's rural settlements in recent years. With its physical approach, this plan tries to organize the physical fabric of rural areas, control its future developments, and guide it in the right direction. Despite the valuable achievements of this plan, such as the increase in the economic value of the lands within the rural fabric, the trend towards seasonal settlements in the villages, and the development of construction, etc.,  there are negative consequences, such as the increase in requests related to the change of land use or the request to annex lands to the boundaries of the rural fabric, which is indicative of the effects and negative consequences of the mentioned plan in some villages of the country. Sometimes, the factors affecting the occurrence of damages in the preparation and implementation of the rural guide plan (especially the weak participation of villagers and local institutions in the process of preparing plans, emphasizing a uniform pattern in the physical intervention of rural settlements regardless of the diversity and differences of their natural-ecological and socio-economic environment, etc.) and comparing them to the assumptions of the theory of functionalism emphasize the point that transformation and rethinking in the thinking governing guide plan is inevitable. Many theories and intellectual approaches need to be more responsive and open to explaining and solving problems and needs (due to the inherent dynamism of human societies) due to various and all-around developments. The emergence of theories and approaches such as post-structuralism, post-modernism, sustainable development, etc., is proof of this claim.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no financial sponsor of the research, but experts from the program and budget organization, municipality, and consulting engineers have cooperated in this research.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. Today, villages, with their unique settlement patterns and human livelihoods, require organization and development considering their roles in countries' economic and social aspects. For the preparation and implementation of the Guide (Hādi) plan as the most comprehensive and local rural development plan in Iran, huge costs are spent, and this plan has had significant effects on the physical, social, and economic structure of rural settlements. The multi-dimensional effect of the preparation and implementation of this plan on the area of rural settlements and the communities settled in them doubles the necessity of the pathology of guide's plan. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the pathology of rural development plans with an emphasis on the rural guide plan and also the factors affecting the advancement of the rural guide plans, which was conducted as a case study in Māzandarān province. The current research was descriptive-analytical; documentary research and a researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection. The statistical population of the research was experts and specialists in the field of rural guide plan. The questionnaires were distributed among 30 of them. They were selected using snowball sampling. The pathological criteria of the studied rural development plans included (economic-social-environmental-psychological and content) in the form of 33 questions. Results showed that the criteria of eradicating poverty (3.26), lack of people's participation in the plan (2.93), not considering international laws (3.10), neglecting functions and activities (3.96), the role of private sector (3.46), common understanding of the issues (3.33), investment in the agricultural sector (3.23), identification of geological factors (3.36), are among the damages from viewpoint of experts of guide plan in Māzandarān province. Furthermore, according to experts, the results of exploratory factor analysis indicated that the influential factors in advancing rural development projects in Māzandarān province included three dimensions (economic, social, and content-related) within a framework of nine variables. Ultimately, solutions are proposed to address existing challenges and improve the effectiveness of the rural guide plans in enhancing the quality of life for residents in the region.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />One of the characteristics of human settlements is their development and dynamism, which takes its morphology according to each settlement's economic, social, political, and cultural conditions. Rural development is a comprehensive and systemic concept that includes all aspects of the village's economic, social, and cultural life, in addition to the construction and improvement of the village. Ideal and purposeful planning in rural areas requires a comprehensive approach that considers and covers these features. In the past few decades, given the significance of rural development in the national development process, Iranian villages have continuously seen relatively large changes in their lives and residents. In this regard, various approaches have been considered to achieve rural development goals, placing them at the center of attention. A qualitative approach has become widely prevalent in recent decades for critically analyzing various programs and projects. This approach is generally based on engaging stakeholders and transparently elucidating the actual dimensions and consequences of implementing development plans, including rural guide plans. Pathology includes careful consideration of all systems in the investigation of individual problems. Usually, problems and issues are diagnosed with pathology and then investigated.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />The aim of this study was applied that has been done using the descriptive-analytical method based on library sources and field studies using questionnaires. Considering that little research has been done in this field, the opinions of professors and experts were used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire (α=0.939), which showed the high reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population included experts and specialists in the rural guide plan. This society included all the people (at Māzandarān province) who had scientific expertise and executive experience in the preparation and implementation of guide plans. They included officials, senior managers, Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation experts, surveyors, consultants for preparing guide plans, contractors, consulting engineering companies, etc. The snowball sampling method was used to determine the sample size (the first sample determines the following sample in a chain), and 30 specialists of the guide plan were selected as the research sample.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />A one-sample t-test was used to determine the impact of vulnerability indicators on the rural guide plan in Māzandarān province. The test results were rejected because the significant value in most indicators was less than the standard level (0.05). As a result, hypothesis H1 is rejected at a confidence level of 95%, and H0, which implies a significant relationship between the indicators of vulnerability of rural development plans, was confirmed. Unfortunately, in the rural guide plans, the people of the villages, as the owners of the village and the plan, have been neglected. Regardless of the people's wishes and rural potential, the plan is written by authorities holistically. Also, international laws are not considered in the rural guide plans. And it is limited to the old designs that are obsolete in most parts of the world.<br />The results of exploratory factor analysis of 33 components in the field of factors influencing the advancement of the goals of rural guide plans in Māzandarān province in different dimensions, 9 components were identified, which included three factors (economic, social, and content):<br />S9 All organizations and institutions of the ministries participate in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S15 International laws are considered in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S13 The private and public sector participate in preparing and implementing rural plans.<br />S8 People play an important role in preparing, implementing and evaluating rural plans<br />S12 The private sector plays an effective role in empowering the villagers<br />S17 The government supports rural institutions<br />S11 Human factors affecting internal (local, regional, national) are considered in rural plans.<br />S24 We think that understanding how the chain of events and events occurs in the implementation of these plans is very important.<br />S25 Professional people of the organization are asked to find a solution to identify the problems of the desired plans.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />As the most popular local and rural development plan, the rural guide plan has brought about significant physical changes in the country's rural settlements in recent years. With its physical approach, this plan tries to organize the physical fabric of rural areas, control its future developments, and guide it in the right direction. Despite the valuable achievements of this plan, such as the increase in the economic value of the lands within the rural fabric, the trend towards seasonal settlements in the villages, and the development of construction, etc.,  there are negative consequences, such as the increase in requests related to the change of land use or the request to annex lands to the boundaries of the rural fabric, which is indicative of the effects and negative consequences of the mentioned plan in some villages of the country. Sometimes, the factors affecting the occurrence of damages in the preparation and implementation of the rural guide plan (especially the weak participation of villagers and local institutions in the process of preparing plans, emphasizing a uniform pattern in the physical intervention of rural settlements regardless of the diversity and differences of their natural-ecological and socio-economic environment, etc.) and comparing them to the assumptions of the theory of functionalism emphasize the point that transformation and rethinking in the thinking governing guide plan is inevitable. Many theories and intellectual approaches need to be more responsive and open to explaining and solving problems and needs (due to the inherent dynamism of human societies) due to various and all-around developments. The emergence of theories and approaches such as post-structuralism, post-modernism, sustainable development, etc., is proof of this claim.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no financial sponsor of the research, but experts from the program and budget organization, municipality, and consulting engineers have cooperated in this research.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7381_98facf89185970e1f509c6d8e4e07c97.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Evaluation of Morphodynamic Effects of Floods on the Morphological Changes of the Coastline of the Sedij Delta (East of Jāsk) Evaluation of Morphodynamic Effects of Floods on the Morphological Changes of the Coastline of the Sedij Delta (East of Jāsk) 21 43 7378 10.22124/gscaj.2023.24141.1225 FA Naimeh Rahimi Phd Candidate Geomorphology, Department of Natural Geography, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran. Alirezā Sālehipour Milāni Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Geography, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran. Somaiyeh Khāleghi Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Geography, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran. Journal Article 2023 03 18 The coasts of Jāsk and its eastern regions are of great importance in developing the country's southern areas due to their strategic location, such as the establishment of military centers and the pipeline project to transfer Goreh oil to Jāsk. Monitoring and evaluating the changes in coastlines, mainly due to natural events such as floods in these areas where coastal structures are located, can provide valuable information to the environmental planners for the optimal implementation of construction projects. This research aimed to evaluate the changes in the geomorphology of the coastline due to the occurrence of floods in 6 years and 4 major floods in the years 2014, 2017, 2019, and 2020 at the base of the Sedij Delta. Landsat satellite data and the NDWI index were used to extract geomorphological units and coastlines. Coastline changes were also calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension in the two geomorphological units of the sandy beach and the estuary of the Sedij Delta. The results showed that during the occurrence of these floods, according to the NSM index, the changes in coastlines in the mouths of the estuaries have a trend with sedimentation. The maximum progression of the coastline after these floods was 503 meters, and sandy beaches have an erosion process. The maximum rate of retreat of the coastline is 256.16 meters. The study of changes in the area of coastal barriers during the flood period showed that these floods have led to severe erosion of the coastal barriers, and about 171.79 hectares have lost their area at the base of the Sedij Delta. This research showed that in addition to the river processes, the intensification of marine processes, such as the height of waves, especially on sandy beaches, can significantly affect the erosion of coastlines in the studied area.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />In coastal areas, the occurrence of floods, as well as the hydrodynamic processes of the sea, affect the coastal geomorphology. The climatic conditions governing the coastal areas also have a decisive role in the morphological characteristics of the coasts in connection with the morphogenesis processes. Sedij River is located in the east of Jāsk City. The statistics of the Sedij hydrometric station showed the occurrence of high-flow floods in this area, and the analysis of satellite images has also recorded the severe changes caused by these floods. Among these floods is the January flood of 2020; due to the severity of the rainfall in the region, it left a lot of damage to both the humans’ part and the destruction of the residential areas of the villages around the Sedij River and in the geomorphological units, which destroys the river and its banks, and extensive changes in the mouth of the estuaries and changes in morphology. Therefore, evaluating and monitoring changes in the coastlines and geomorphological evolutions of Sedij River deltas during significant floods can provide coastal planners with a new approach to investigating the role of floods on coastlines. In this research, the Sedij delta coast has been divided into three areas in terms of location. In terms of geomorphology, it has been divided into the coastal barrier, estuary, and sandy beach units, and the changes of coastlines in each flood and the changes during the entire study period in these units have been evaluated. This research was conducted to evaluate the stability of different parts of the coastlines of the Sedij Delta and the estuaries related to this delta, and it has taken a step towards identifying the more vulnerable parts during coastal floods and protecting the beaches in this area.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />In this study, the evaluation and monitoring of the changes in the coastlines of the Sedij Delta during the occurrence of 4 major floods from 2014 to 2021 have been discussed. The floods of January 20, 2014, January 26, 2017, February 4, 2019, and January 11, 2020, considered the most significant floods of the studied period, were used in this research. Landsat OLI satellite data have been used to monitor changes in coastlines. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections were performed to eliminate the negative effects of atmospheric factors on satellite images. NDWI spectral index was used to extract coastlines. The extracted coastlines were entered into the DSAS software, and the changes in the coastline were evaluated in the ArcGIS software. In this study, the indices of Linear Regression Rate (LRR), End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), and Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) were evaluated.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />During significant floods, the coastal lines of the estuaries and the sandy beach have changed the form of progress and regression. Average coastline changes were obtained based on LRR, EPR, NSM, and SCE indices in each geomorphological unit for each flood and simultaneously for 4 floods. The results showed that due to the floods of 2019 and 2020, when the amount of discharge and precipitation was higher, the changes in the coastline in the mouth of the estuaries, the sandy beach, and even the area of the coastal barriers were also higher. Also, evaluating the changes in coastlines between 2014 and 2021, as a result of major floods, showed the progression of coastlines in the estuary geomorphological unit and retreat in the sand beach unit. According to the LRR index, the sandy beach coastline of the Sedij Delta has receded by an average of 1.63 meters per year. The highest rate of regression was in the 3rd zone. At the mouth of the estuary, after every river flood, a volume of sediment accumulates at the outlet of the river, and this can provide the basis for the advancement of the coastline in this area after every flood. The highest rate of progress is 0.90 meters per year and is also observed in the 1^st zone, most of which is located in the mouth of the Sedij estuary. Coastal dams also lost about 171.8 hectares (38%) of their area after the flood of 2020 compared to before the flood of 2014, which indicates the simultaneous effect of river and sea processes on the erosion of the coastline. Furthermore, by moving away from the mouth of the Sedij River, the effect of waves on the coastline increases, which is the feeding or coastal sediment. The investigation of marine parameters such as wind speed and wave height during floods for two floods in 2014 and 2020 showed that the wave height at the time of the January 2020 flood reached 3 meters, which is about 1.2 meters higher than the wave height at the time of the 2014 flood, which indicates a significant change in the height of the sea waves and as a result the increase in coastal erosion in the Sedij River Delta.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Makrān coast is a very dynamic area in terms of coastal geomorphology that is simultaneously affected by the processes governing land and sea. These changes are severe in many cases and are mainly seen in sedimentation and erosion processes in the coastline. The data evaluations of this research showed that, in general, the effect of floods during the studied period was the regression of the coastline. In zone 1, which is the place where the Sedij River enters the sea, a large amount of sediment enters the coastline at the same time as the floods occur, and this prevents severe erosion in this area and provides a relative balance of the erosion and sedimentation processes there. However, the erosion process increases in the area far away from the mouth of the Sedij River on the sandy beach. The sandy beach area has played a dominant role in the evolution of the coastlines of this section due to the lack of proper sediment feeding and the intensification of marine processes, such as the increase in wave height and the activity of currents parallel to the coast during floods. This section of the coastline has provided the basis for more severe erosion than the mouth of the estuary. Despite the erosion process in the area of the sandy beach, this beach is more suitable for the development of the coastline than the mouth of the estuary because it is possible to migrate the mouth of the estuary during floods, which can hurt the coastal facilities and structures.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />The present article is the result of a doctoral thesis research and supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), (Project code: 4003100).<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong><strong> </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest</strong><strong> </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.<br />Key words: Coastline changes, DSAS, Coastal barriers, Sadij, Flood The coasts of Jāsk and its eastern regions are of great importance in developing the country's southern areas due to their strategic location, such as the establishment of military centers and the pipeline project to transfer Goreh oil to Jāsk. Monitoring and evaluating the changes in coastlines, mainly due to natural events such as floods in these areas where coastal structures are located, can provide valuable information to the environmental planners for the optimal implementation of construction projects. This research aimed to evaluate the changes in the geomorphology of the coastline due to the occurrence of floods in 6 years and 4 major floods in the years 2014, 2017, 2019, and 2020 at the base of the Sedij Delta. Landsat satellite data and the NDWI index were used to extract geomorphological units and coastlines. Coastline changes were also calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension in the two geomorphological units of the sandy beach and the estuary of the Sedij Delta. The results showed that during the occurrence of these floods, according to the NSM index, the changes in coastlines in the mouths of the estuaries have a trend with sedimentation. The maximum progression of the coastline after these floods was 503 meters, and sandy beaches have an erosion process. The maximum rate of retreat of the coastline is 256.16 meters. The study of changes in the area of coastal barriers during the flood period showed that these floods have led to severe erosion of the coastal barriers, and about 171.79 hectares have lost their area at the base of the Sedij Delta. This research showed that in addition to the river processes, the intensification of marine processes, such as the height of waves, especially on sandy beaches, can significantly affect the erosion of coastlines in the studied area.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />In coastal areas, the occurrence of floods, as well as the hydrodynamic processes of the sea, affect the coastal geomorphology. The climatic conditions governing the coastal areas also have a decisive role in the morphological characteristics of the coasts in connection with the morphogenesis processes. Sedij River is located in the east of Jāsk City. The statistics of the Sedij hydrometric station showed the occurrence of high-flow floods in this area, and the analysis of satellite images has also recorded the severe changes caused by these floods. Among these floods is the January flood of 2020; due to the severity of the rainfall in the region, it left a lot of damage to both the humans’ part and the destruction of the residential areas of the villages around the Sedij River and in the geomorphological units, which destroys the river and its banks, and extensive changes in the mouth of the estuaries and changes in morphology. Therefore, evaluating and monitoring changes in the coastlines and geomorphological evolutions of Sedij River deltas during significant floods can provide coastal planners with a new approach to investigating the role of floods on coastlines. In this research, the Sedij delta coast has been divided into three areas in terms of location. In terms of geomorphology, it has been divided into the coastal barrier, estuary, and sandy beach units, and the changes of coastlines in each flood and the changes during the entire study period in these units have been evaluated. This research was conducted to evaluate the stability of different parts of the coastlines of the Sedij Delta and the estuaries related to this delta, and it has taken a step towards identifying the more vulnerable parts during coastal floods and protecting the beaches in this area.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />In this study, the evaluation and monitoring of the changes in the coastlines of the Sedij Delta during the occurrence of 4 major floods from 2014 to 2021 have been discussed. The floods of January 20, 2014, January 26, 2017, February 4, 2019, and January 11, 2020, considered the most significant floods of the studied period, were used in this research. Landsat OLI satellite data have been used to monitor changes in coastlines. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections were performed to eliminate the negative effects of atmospheric factors on satellite images. NDWI spectral index was used to extract coastlines. The extracted coastlines were entered into the DSAS software, and the changes in the coastline were evaluated in the ArcGIS software. In this study, the indices of Linear Regression Rate (LRR), End Point Rate (EPR), Net Shoreline Movement (NSM), and Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE) were evaluated.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />During significant floods, the coastal lines of the estuaries and the sandy beach have changed the form of progress and regression. Average coastline changes were obtained based on LRR, EPR, NSM, and SCE indices in each geomorphological unit for each flood and simultaneously for 4 floods. The results showed that due to the floods of 2019 and 2020, when the amount of discharge and precipitation was higher, the changes in the coastline in the mouth of the estuaries, the sandy beach, and even the area of the coastal barriers were also higher. Also, evaluating the changes in coastlines between 2014 and 2021, as a result of major floods, showed the progression of coastlines in the estuary geomorphological unit and retreat in the sand beach unit. According to the LRR index, the sandy beach coastline of the Sedij Delta has receded by an average of 1.63 meters per year. The highest rate of regression was in the 3rd zone. At the mouth of the estuary, after every river flood, a volume of sediment accumulates at the outlet of the river, and this can provide the basis for the advancement of the coastline in this area after every flood. The highest rate of progress is 0.90 meters per year and is also observed in the 1^st zone, most of which is located in the mouth of the Sedij estuary. Coastal dams also lost about 171.8 hectares (38%) of their area after the flood of 2020 compared to before the flood of 2014, which indicates the simultaneous effect of river and sea processes on the erosion of the coastline. Furthermore, by moving away from the mouth of the Sedij River, the effect of waves on the coastline increases, which is the feeding or coastal sediment. The investigation of marine parameters such as wind speed and wave height during floods for two floods in 2014 and 2020 showed that the wave height at the time of the January 2020 flood reached 3 meters, which is about 1.2 meters higher than the wave height at the time of the 2014 flood, which indicates a significant change in the height of the sea waves and as a result the increase in coastal erosion in the Sedij River Delta.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Makrān coast is a very dynamic area in terms of coastal geomorphology that is simultaneously affected by the processes governing land and sea. These changes are severe in many cases and are mainly seen in sedimentation and erosion processes in the coastline. The data evaluations of this research showed that, in general, the effect of floods during the studied period was the regression of the coastline. In zone 1, which is the place where the Sedij River enters the sea, a large amount of sediment enters the coastline at the same time as the floods occur, and this prevents severe erosion in this area and provides a relative balance of the erosion and sedimentation processes there. However, the erosion process increases in the area far away from the mouth of the Sedij River on the sandy beach. The sandy beach area has played a dominant role in the evolution of the coastlines of this section due to the lack of proper sediment feeding and the intensification of marine processes, such as the increase in wave height and the activity of currents parallel to the coast during floods. This section of the coastline has provided the basis for more severe erosion than the mouth of the estuary. Despite the erosion process in the area of the sandy beach, this beach is more suitable for the development of the coastline than the mouth of the estuary because it is possible to migrate the mouth of the estuary during floods, which can hurt the coastal facilities and structures.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />The present article is the result of a doctoral thesis research and supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), (Project code: 4003100).<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution</strong><strong> </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest</strong><strong> </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.<br />Key words: Coastline changes, DSAS, Coastal barriers, Sadij, Flood https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7378_aedbaad7a97f469eee600c89b1d62027.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Explaining the Performance Model of Rasht as the Creative City of Gastronomy for Urban Development Using Grounded Theory Explaining the Performance Model of Rasht as the Creative City of Gastronomy for Urban Development Using Grounded Theory 45 69 7379 10.22124/gscaj.2023.22943.1192 FA Aliakbar Sālāripour Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Benyāmin Hasanzādeh Bāghi Master of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Shafagh Mohammadhasanzādeh Master of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Parastoo Bāghāei Master of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2022 09 14 Creative cities are considered a new model in urban planning to help the development of cities. In the meantime, one of the urban development opportunities raised by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network to use the potential in cities is gastronomy, which plays a role in the daily life of citizens as a cultural and creative activity. This research sought to analyze the performance of Rasht as the creative city of gastronomy with the aim of urban development and explaining a model for it. The research method was qualitative using grounded theory. The statistical sample size was obtained using the snowball sampling method and continued through interviews until data saturation and no new concept was obtained. Accordingly, 25 individuals participated in a semi-structured interview. 13 of them included city managers of Rasht, officials of the Creative City of Gastronomy project, urban area experts, tourism development specialists, university faculty members, restaurateurs and cooks, and 12 people included citizens of Rasht. From the collected information, the final model of the research was formed during the three steps of coding the Grounded theory (open, axial, and selective) and the conditions of the categories (causal, contextual, central phenomenon, intervention, inhibitory, strategies, consequence). Results showed that the category of "importance of planning and branding" is a causal condition, the category of "cultural and food values" is a contextual condition, the category of "actions in the field of creative city" is an intervention condition, and the category of "disorganization and indecisiveness of urban management in the direction of development" "Creative City of Gastronomy" is one of the conditions that hinder the Creative City of Gastronomy in Rasht and affect its performance. In general, the performance of the creative city of Rasht could be better. To improve the performance of this city, three strategies, "Education and participation of society and trades," "Realization of creative projects," and "Information and communication exchange management," were presented. By applying these strategies, the result of "Strengthening and all-round development of the creative gastronomy city" will be It happens that it consists of three basic categories: "increasing managers and creative and participatory citizens," "tourism development in the field of gastronomy" and "productivity of the local and urban economy." The results of the research help to understand the key components in the performance of the creative gastronomy city of Rasht by planners, officials, city managers, and citizens.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />By 2050, about 70% of the world's population is expected to live in cities. Climate change and rapid global urbanization are among the major challenges of the present era, which cause economic, social, and environmental problems. Therefore, the creative city as a new urban planning and development model can help create safe, resilient, and sustainable cities. Such cities are an arena for moving, concentrating, and directing human energy toward creativity. The idea of a creative city has become a new way to achieve city development. A creative city should be able to accept social groups with different cultures because a diverse population with different ideas and opinions increases the chance of creativity. In 2014, Rasht City was registered by UNESCO as the first creative gastronomy city of Iran in the network of creative cities of the world due to its rich food culture. More than 200 types of local foods exist; the variety of Rasht's special food products and the healthy food production process from the farm to the people's table are the main reasons for registering Rasht as a creative gastronomy city. However, considering the expression of the concepts of creative city and creative tourism by urban management and its wide use in the public discourse of managers, it is still considered one of the urban challenges. Considering the importance of the issue and the need to address it due to its impact on urban development, this research attempted to explain and examine the performance of the creative gastronomy city of Rasht for urban development in the form of a model.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />First, a semi-structured interview was conducted with three individuals to achieve the research goal using the grounded theory. Then, using the snowball method and with the interviewees' suggestions of the next people, the interview continued, and the required information and data were collected. In this research, the statistical sample size continued until data saturation, and no new concept was obtained through interviews. Based on that, 25 people participated in a semi-structured interview. 13 of them included city managers of Rasht, officials of the creative food city project, urban area experts, tourism development specialists, university faculty members, restaurateurs and cooks, and 12 people included citizens of Rasht city. After the completion of the interviews and after collecting the data required for the research, the coding stage started with the grounded theory method. The general purpose of data analysis in this method is to develop theory. Strauss and Corbin (1990) consider three types of open, axial, and selective coding methods needed to develop a grounded theory from the data.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />Through open coding, 103 concepts and identifiers were extracted. Next, 23 categories and eight main categories were obtained by categorizing similar concepts. The categories are related to each other through axial coding with a pattern. This research used the pattern model based on causal conditions, central phenomenon, contextual intervention, and prevention strategies and consequences. The categories were integrated into an overarching theory in the last coding stage (selective coding). The results of the research showed that the category of "importance of planning and branding" is a causal condition, the category of "cultural and food values" is a contextual condition, the category of "actions in the field of creative city" is an intervention condition, and the category of "disorganization and indecisiveness of urban management in the direction of development of the Creative City of Gastronomy" is one of the conditions that prevent the Creative City of Gastronomy in Rasht and affect its performance. In general, the performance of the Creative City of Rasht could be better. Three strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of this city: 'Education and participation of society and trades,' 'Implementation of Creative Projects,' and 'Management of Information and Communication Exchange.' Implementing these strategies will realize the outcome of 'Strengthening and Holistic Development of the Creative City of Gastronomy.' This outcome consists of three fundamental principles: 'Enhancing Creative and Participatory Managers and Citizens,' 'Developing Tourism in the Gastronomy Domain,' and 'Enhancing Local and Urban Economic Productivity.'<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the obtained pattern, the city of Rasht is not in a favorable situation in terms of urban development. Results showed that the interested and influential groups do not have a strong connection with each other for the optimal performance of the creative city, and it is not possible to present their opinions and views to achieve joint planning. Notably, from the beginning, actions in the creative city area were carried out without planning. Moreover, the existence of disputes and political issues that also affect international communication, infrastructure problems in the city, and the lack of a scientific view of the city management on the concept of the creative city and its goals have made the city more undesirable. Evidence of the lack of facilitation for the participation of various individuals and groups, including creative citizens, restaurant owners, chefs, municipal authorities, etc., in Rasht suggests that citizens and individuals can impact the creative city's development. Although urban management has taken steps to develop Rasht as a creative city of gastronomy, findings indicated that these actions have not been sufficient, and in some cases, they have not achieved significant success. Considering the influence of contextual, spatial, interventionist, and inhibitory factors on strategies, it is essential to implement strategies to improve the performance of this city for the development of a Creative City.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. Creative cities are considered a new model in urban planning to help the development of cities. In the meantime, one of the urban development opportunities raised by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network to use the potential in cities is gastronomy, which plays a role in the daily life of citizens as a cultural and creative activity. This research sought to analyze the performance of Rasht as the creative city of gastronomy with the aim of urban development and explaining a model for it. The research method was qualitative using grounded theory. The statistical sample size was obtained using the snowball sampling method and continued through interviews until data saturation and no new concept was obtained. Accordingly, 25 individuals participated in a semi-structured interview. 13 of them included city managers of Rasht, officials of the Creative City of Gastronomy project, urban area experts, tourism development specialists, university faculty members, restaurateurs and cooks, and 12 people included citizens of Rasht. From the collected information, the final model of the research was formed during the three steps of coding the Grounded theory (open, axial, and selective) and the conditions of the categories (causal, contextual, central phenomenon, intervention, inhibitory, strategies, consequence). Results showed that the category of "importance of planning and branding" is a causal condition, the category of "cultural and food values" is a contextual condition, the category of "actions in the field of creative city" is an intervention condition, and the category of "disorganization and indecisiveness of urban management in the direction of development" "Creative City of Gastronomy" is one of the conditions that hinder the Creative City of Gastronomy in Rasht and affect its performance. In general, the performance of the creative city of Rasht could be better. To improve the performance of this city, three strategies, "Education and participation of society and trades," "Realization of creative projects," and "Information and communication exchange management," were presented. By applying these strategies, the result of "Strengthening and all-round development of the creative gastronomy city" will be It happens that it consists of three basic categories: "increasing managers and creative and participatory citizens," "tourism development in the field of gastronomy" and "productivity of the local and urban economy." The results of the research help to understand the key components in the performance of the creative gastronomy city of Rasht by planners, officials, city managers, and citizens.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />By 2050, about 70% of the world's population is expected to live in cities. Climate change and rapid global urbanization are among the major challenges of the present era, which cause economic, social, and environmental problems. Therefore, the creative city as a new urban planning and development model can help create safe, resilient, and sustainable cities. Such cities are an arena for moving, concentrating, and directing human energy toward creativity. The idea of a creative city has become a new way to achieve city development. A creative city should be able to accept social groups with different cultures because a diverse population with different ideas and opinions increases the chance of creativity. In 2014, Rasht City was registered by UNESCO as the first creative gastronomy city of Iran in the network of creative cities of the world due to its rich food culture. More than 200 types of local foods exist; the variety of Rasht's special food products and the healthy food production process from the farm to the people's table are the main reasons for registering Rasht as a creative gastronomy city. However, considering the expression of the concepts of creative city and creative tourism by urban management and its wide use in the public discourse of managers, it is still considered one of the urban challenges. Considering the importance of the issue and the need to address it due to its impact on urban development, this research attempted to explain and examine the performance of the creative gastronomy city of Rasht for urban development in the form of a model.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />First, a semi-structured interview was conducted with three individuals to achieve the research goal using the grounded theory. Then, using the snowball method and with the interviewees' suggestions of the next people, the interview continued, and the required information and data were collected. In this research, the statistical sample size continued until data saturation, and no new concept was obtained through interviews. Based on that, 25 people participated in a semi-structured interview. 13 of them included city managers of Rasht, officials of the creative food city project, urban area experts, tourism development specialists, university faculty members, restaurateurs and cooks, and 12 people included citizens of Rasht city. After the completion of the interviews and after collecting the data required for the research, the coding stage started with the grounded theory method. The general purpose of data analysis in this method is to develop theory. Strauss and Corbin (1990) consider three types of open, axial, and selective coding methods needed to develop a grounded theory from the data.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />Through open coding, 103 concepts and identifiers were extracted. Next, 23 categories and eight main categories were obtained by categorizing similar concepts. The categories are related to each other through axial coding with a pattern. This research used the pattern model based on causal conditions, central phenomenon, contextual intervention, and prevention strategies and consequences. The categories were integrated into an overarching theory in the last coding stage (selective coding). The results of the research showed that the category of "importance of planning and branding" is a causal condition, the category of "cultural and food values" is a contextual condition, the category of "actions in the field of creative city" is an intervention condition, and the category of "disorganization and indecisiveness of urban management in the direction of development of the Creative City of Gastronomy" is one of the conditions that prevent the Creative City of Gastronomy in Rasht and affect its performance. In general, the performance of the Creative City of Rasht could be better. Three strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of this city: 'Education and participation of society and trades,' 'Implementation of Creative Projects,' and 'Management of Information and Communication Exchange.' Implementing these strategies will realize the outcome of 'Strengthening and Holistic Development of the Creative City of Gastronomy.' This outcome consists of three fundamental principles: 'Enhancing Creative and Participatory Managers and Citizens,' 'Developing Tourism in the Gastronomy Domain,' and 'Enhancing Local and Urban Economic Productivity.'<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />According to the obtained pattern, the city of Rasht is not in a favorable situation in terms of urban development. Results showed that the interested and influential groups do not have a strong connection with each other for the optimal performance of the creative city, and it is not possible to present their opinions and views to achieve joint planning. Notably, from the beginning, actions in the creative city area were carried out without planning. Moreover, the existence of disputes and political issues that also affect international communication, infrastructure problems in the city, and the lack of a scientific view of the city management on the concept of the creative city and its goals have made the city more undesirable. Evidence of the lack of facilitation for the participation of various individuals and groups, including creative citizens, restaurant owners, chefs, municipal authorities, etc., in Rasht suggests that citizens and individuals can impact the creative city's development. Although urban management has taken steps to develop Rasht as a creative city of gastronomy, findings indicated that these actions have not been sufficient, and in some cases, they have not achieved significant success. Considering the influence of contextual, spatial, interventionist, and inhibitory factors on strategies, it is essential to implement strategies to improve the performance of this city for the development of a Creative City.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7379_edb2fa3fd91a51e1031430ea36ac457a.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Assessment of the Feasibility of the Goals of Comprehensive Regional Plans on the Spatial Distribution System of the Population in the Urban Settlements of Hormozgān Province Assessment of the Feasibility of the Goals of Comprehensive Regional Plans on the Spatial Distribution System of the Population in the Urban Settlements of Hormozgān Province 71 98 7380 10.22124/gscaj.2023.24560.1241 FA Masoud Haqlesan Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ilkhchi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilkhchi, Iran. Ehsan Davarpanah PhD student of Urban Planning, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Aras International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. Mahsa Sodagar PhD student of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 05 26 Planning in the form of development and construction plans in Iran is the most basic tool for shaping urban settlements based on pre-planned systems. In this article, two issues have been followed to evaluate the feasibility of the goals of comprehensive regional plans on the spatial distribution system of the population in the urban settlements of Hormozgān province. First, has the residential system in the urban areas of Hormozgān province been realized based on the regional plans and goals or not? Second, how is the spatial distribution of the population, especially in terms of concentration and balance, in the minimum prime urban settlements of Hormozgān province? It was an applied-developmental research based on quantitative-analytical investigation. Considering the major goals of all four district plans in Hormozgān province based on proportionate and balanced distribution of population and settlement points, the first urban situation, balance, and concentration of population and distribution pattern of urban settlements in Hormozgān has been discussed province according to different indicators and models. The results indicated that while regional plans in Hormozgān Province have reasonably succeeded in predicting and suggesting urban settlement points at the provincial level, population predictions seem lower than the current situation. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the intensity of population concentration has decreased, and the population distribution in the provincial urban system has moved toward relative balance.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />The spatial distribution of the population, both nationally and locally, is characterized by irregular dispersion. The majority of population and cities are located in the northern and western regions of the country. Meanwhile, the southern coastal provinces and regions, including Hormozgān province, suffer from low population density, the spatial order of cities, and the strategic planning of irregular population dispersion in urban centers. This article used four categories of indices to investigate the settlement of the population and spatial arrangement of cities in Hormozgān province and measure and match it with the goals and programs of regional plans (four regional plans including Bandar Abbās District, Bandar Lengeh District, Bandarjāsk District, and Qeshm District) which measure the degree of concentration and balance, prime urbanization, and population distribution.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />It was a quantitative-analytical research. The data collection method was documentary, using books and statistical yearbooks. Referring to the results of the general population and housing censuses from 1986 to 2016, the statistics of Hormozgān province and the population of urban centers were extracted and compared with the proposed goals and programs of regional development and construction plans of the province. Then, Given the substantial emphasis on goals and approaches in the province's regional plans, an investigation has been made into the issue of deconcentrating and the balanced and proportionate distribution of the urban population. Data classification and analysis of the spatial distribution system of urban settlements in Hormozgān Province have been carried out based on population criteria, utilizing models that examine prime urbanization, concentration, balance, and dispersion patterns. The results were then compared and analyzed concerning the anticipated distribution of the urban population and the objectives of the regional plans in Hormozgān Province. Microsoft Excel was used for calculations and graphs.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The results showed that prime urbanization and population polarization are the most important features of population settlement in Hormozgān province. During the four decades studied, the demographic imbalance of the province's cities is evident due to the concentration of population, activities, facilities, and services in Bandar Abbas city and its 7 times distance with the second city (Mināb). Such a situation makes it clearer the necessity of planning and the goal of moving towards population balance and its redistribution by paying attention to areas prone to population loading based on region plans and programs. On the other hand, based on Herfindahl and Henderson indices, in recent decades, the intensity of population concentration has decreased and the distribution of population in the urban system of the province has advanced towards relative lack of concentration.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />In a general summary regarding the future of urban network of Hormozgān province, it should be said that considering the current trends and also the comparison of the plans related to the direction of urban development with these trends and other factors that will influence it, if major changes in policies are not made we will likely face a new form of displacements in the form of migration and displacements, in favor of the more important hub (the prime city of Bandar Abbās).<br />Hormozgān province is facing four main problems in achieving balanced spatial development:<br />1- The intense concentration of the population, services, and investments in Bandar Abbās City has caused spatial heterogeneity and the decline of other areas, especially the villages;<br />The existence of a settlement void in the settlement hierarchy system and the neglect of the role of the middle city in modifying the settlement system and creating connections with small settlement centers;<br />3- The special environmental feature of the province due to its location in the desert and hot, dry areas; as a result of these factors, a part of the province's area cannot be used for settlement, such as Sanglakhi land (18 percent of the province's area), uncovered land, salty and salty land, and sandy land;<br />4- Weak service delivery to the villages and the need for a more logical connection between villages and their higher level, which, as a result, affects the reduction of the population of these points and the migration process.<br />The appropriate solution is to strengthen the middle cities to improve the spatial structure and achieve a more balanced population distribution structure according to the theories presented in this research. In fact, by strengthening the middle cities, changing the pattern of migration from the village to the prime city will help the population have a more balanced migration pattern.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. Planning in the form of development and construction plans in Iran is the most basic tool for shaping urban settlements based on pre-planned systems. In this article, two issues have been followed to evaluate the feasibility of the goals of comprehensive regional plans on the spatial distribution system of the population in the urban settlements of Hormozgān province. First, has the residential system in the urban areas of Hormozgān province been realized based on the regional plans and goals or not? Second, how is the spatial distribution of the population, especially in terms of concentration and balance, in the minimum prime urban settlements of Hormozgān province? It was an applied-developmental research based on quantitative-analytical investigation. Considering the major goals of all four district plans in Hormozgān province based on proportionate and balanced distribution of population and settlement points, the first urban situation, balance, and concentration of population and distribution pattern of urban settlements in Hormozgān has been discussed province according to different indicators and models. The results indicated that while regional plans in Hormozgān Province have reasonably succeeded in predicting and suggesting urban settlement points at the provincial level, population predictions seem lower than the current situation. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the intensity of population concentration has decreased, and the population distribution in the provincial urban system has moved toward relative balance.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />The spatial distribution of the population, both nationally and locally, is characterized by irregular dispersion. The majority of population and cities are located in the northern and western regions of the country. Meanwhile, the southern coastal provinces and regions, including Hormozgān province, suffer from low population density, the spatial order of cities, and the strategic planning of irregular population dispersion in urban centers. This article used four categories of indices to investigate the settlement of the population and spatial arrangement of cities in Hormozgān province and measure and match it with the goals and programs of regional plans (four regional plans including Bandar Abbās District, Bandar Lengeh District, Bandarjāsk District, and Qeshm District) which measure the degree of concentration and balance, prime urbanization, and population distribution.<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />It was a quantitative-analytical research. The data collection method was documentary, using books and statistical yearbooks. Referring to the results of the general population and housing censuses from 1986 to 2016, the statistics of Hormozgān province and the population of urban centers were extracted and compared with the proposed goals and programs of regional development and construction plans of the province. Then, Given the substantial emphasis on goals and approaches in the province's regional plans, an investigation has been made into the issue of deconcentrating and the balanced and proportionate distribution of the urban population. Data classification and analysis of the spatial distribution system of urban settlements in Hormozgān Province have been carried out based on population criteria, utilizing models that examine prime urbanization, concentration, balance, and dispersion patterns. The results were then compared and analyzed concerning the anticipated distribution of the urban population and the objectives of the regional plans in Hormozgān Province. Microsoft Excel was used for calculations and graphs.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The results showed that prime urbanization and population polarization are the most important features of population settlement in Hormozgān province. During the four decades studied, the demographic imbalance of the province's cities is evident due to the concentration of population, activities, facilities, and services in Bandar Abbas city and its 7 times distance with the second city (Mināb). Such a situation makes it clearer the necessity of planning and the goal of moving towards population balance and its redistribution by paying attention to areas prone to population loading based on region plans and programs. On the other hand, based on Herfindahl and Henderson indices, in recent decades, the intensity of population concentration has decreased and the distribution of population in the urban system of the province has advanced towards relative lack of concentration.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />In a general summary regarding the future of urban network of Hormozgān province, it should be said that considering the current trends and also the comparison of the plans related to the direction of urban development with these trends and other factors that will influence it, if major changes in policies are not made we will likely face a new form of displacements in the form of migration and displacements, in favor of the more important hub (the prime city of Bandar Abbās).<br />Hormozgān province is facing four main problems in achieving balanced spatial development:<br />1- The intense concentration of the population, services, and investments in Bandar Abbās City has caused spatial heterogeneity and the decline of other areas, especially the villages;<br />The existence of a settlement void in the settlement hierarchy system and the neglect of the role of the middle city in modifying the settlement system and creating connections with small settlement centers;<br />3- The special environmental feature of the province due to its location in the desert and hot, dry areas; as a result of these factors, a part of the province's area cannot be used for settlement, such as Sanglakhi land (18 percent of the province's area), uncovered land, salty and salty land, and sandy land;<br />4- Weak service delivery to the villages and the need for a more logical connection between villages and their higher level, which, as a result, affects the reduction of the population of these points and the migration process.<br />The appropriate solution is to strengthen the middle cities to improve the spatial structure and achieve a more balanced population distribution structure according to the theories presented in this research. In fact, by strengthening the middle cities, changing the pattern of migration from the village to the prime city will help the population have a more balanced migration pattern.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7380_2b4d2b6b8088d1d0f0d5dca21cc7e660.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Spatial Analysis of Physical-Spatial Developments in Rural Settlements with a Touristic Landscape (Study Case: Coastal Villages of Rasht County) Spatial Analysis of Physical-Spatial Developments in Rural Settlements with a Touristic Landscape (Study Case: Coastal Villages of Rasht County) 99 117 7250 10.22124/gscaj.2023.24130.1224 FA Mohammad Ali Vishkaei PhD student in Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Teimour Amar Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Eisa Pourramzan Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Mohammad Basset Qureishi Minabad Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. Journal Article 2023 03 17 changes in the texture and physical system, changes in the functional system and changes in the communication system). Similarly, in the architectural developments of rural houses, and among the coastal villages of Bagh Amirbekandeh with a value of 3.78, Talesh Mahalle with a value of 3.22, Ali Ziba Kanaar with a value of 3.25, in the third floor (high impact), the highest impact rate is from are allocated to tourism, and other villages were included in the second class group (moderate impact) with emphasis on tourism In the changes in the texture and physical system, among the villages of Ali Ziba Kanaar, with a value of 3.11, they have the highest level of impact from tourism, and other villages in the second class group (moderate impact) with an emphasis on tourism. Were included in the transformations of changing the functional and communication system, all villages were included in the second class group (medium impact) with emphasis on tourism. The results of the spatial analysis of developments in rural settlements showed that there is a correlation between the mentioned developments, in this regard, the correlation test was used for more assurance, which the results of the test showed, the correlation between the developments showed that tourism as an industry and the basic activity is in the rural settlements, whose impact in each of the mentioned physical-spatial developments depends on other developments.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />Until a few decades ago, the coastal villages of Rasht have only had an agricultural role. However, for the past two decades, they have also embraced a service-oriented role, and many agricultural lands in these areas have yet to be included in the production cycle. In this way, the traditional functions of the region in agriculture and animal husbandry have weakened, and the villages have increasingly adopted the role and function of recreational and tourist centers, both centralized and decentralized. The consequence of the villages becoming tourist-oriented is environmental, economic, and social changes, resulting in physical-spatial developments in the villages. Among these, the coastal villages of Rasht, due to their proximity to the provincial center and the existence of the Caspian Free Trade-Industrial Zone, receive more attention from tourists. Attention to these villages includes short-hour trips and temporary stays in the villages (second house). As a result, the physical structure and spaces of the coastal villages have been influenced. In this regard, 11 coastal villages in Rasht City are of tourist interest due to the presence of attractions. The flourishing tourism activities have transformed the physical-spatial structure of these villages. The most significant changes are:<br /><br />The expansion of second homes.<br />Changes in land use.<br />Developments in the types of economic activities.<br />The prosperity of service-related activities.<br /><br />The intensity of the role of tourism in the physical-spatial developments of coastal villages can be a noteworthy point in the current research. Given the above considerations, this research aimed to address the following questions:<br />1- To what extent does tourism affect the physical-spatial developments of the coastal villages of Rasht City? And which of the developments has the greatest effect?<br />2- What is the spatial analysis of physical-spatial developments in the coastal villages of Rasht City with a focus on tourism?<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />In terms of its nature, the present research utilized quantitative data and was practical based on its objective. A survey method was employed using a questionnaire technique for data collection. The statistical population of the research consisted of two parts: the first part included coastal villages in Rasht City, with a sample of (11) villages. The second part included informed individuals (members of councils and village administrators) in coastal villages. A targeted sampling method was used to select a total of (20) individuals. Furthermore, the SPSS software, post hoc tests (Post Hoc) and (Tukey HSD), and the FARAS model have been utilized for data analysis.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The results of the one-sample t-test indicated that tourism has had a significant effect on developments in rural housing architecture, changes in the structure and spatial system, changes in the functional system, and changes in the communication system. In the developments of rural housing architecture, among the coastal villages, Bāgh-e Amirbekandeh with a value of 3.78, Tālesh Mahalleh with 3.22, and Ali Zibā Kenār with 3.25, in the third category (high impact), have attributed the highest level of susceptibility to tourism. Other villages emphasizing tourism were included in the second category (moderate effect). In the developments related to changes in the structure and spatial system, among the villages, Ali Zibā Kenār has allocated the highest level of susceptibility to tourism, with a value of 3.11. Other villages emphasizing tourism were included in the second category (moderate effect). In the developments related to changes in the functional and communicative system, all villages were included in the second category (moderate effect), emphasizing tourism. The results of spatial analysis of developments in rural settlements indicated a correlation among the mentioned developments. A correlation test was used to ensure greater confidence in the correlation, and the results indicated a significant correlation between the mentioned developments. The test showed that tourism, as an industry and fundamental activity in rural settlements, affects each of the discussed physical-spatial developments, and a correlation exists among these developments.<br />Furthermore, the results of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FARAS) model indicated that changes in the structure and physical form of the villages, with a weight value of 0.413, and changes in the communication system, with a weight value of 0.390, have attributed the highest and lowest susceptibility to the influence of tourism in the coastal villages of Rasht City.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Tourism in the coastal villages of Rasht City, on the one hand, has contributed to economic growth and the diversity of rural activities, providing income for rural residents. On the other hand, it has led to the expansion of second houses, changes in land use, transformations in the types of economic activities, the prosperity of service-related activities, and an increase in land and housing prices.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. changes in the texture and physical system, changes in the functional system and changes in the communication system). Similarly, in the architectural developments of rural houses, and among the coastal villages of Bagh Amirbekandeh with a value of 3.78, Talesh Mahalle with a value of 3.22, Ali Ziba Kanaar with a value of 3.25, in the third floor (high impact), the highest impact rate is from are allocated to tourism, and other villages were included in the second class group (moderate impact) with emphasis on tourism In the changes in the texture and physical system, among the villages of Ali Ziba Kanaar, with a value of 3.11, they have the highest level of impact from tourism, and other villages in the second class group (moderate impact) with an emphasis on tourism. Were included in the transformations of changing the functional and communication system, all villages were included in the second class group (medium impact) with emphasis on tourism. The results of the spatial analysis of developments in rural settlements showed that there is a correlation between the mentioned developments, in this regard, the correlation test was used for more assurance, which the results of the test showed, the correlation between the developments showed that tourism as an industry and the basic activity is in the rural settlements, whose impact in each of the mentioned physical-spatial developments depends on other developments.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />Until a few decades ago, the coastal villages of Rasht have only had an agricultural role. However, for the past two decades, they have also embraced a service-oriented role, and many agricultural lands in these areas have yet to be included in the production cycle. In this way, the traditional functions of the region in agriculture and animal husbandry have weakened, and the villages have increasingly adopted the role and function of recreational and tourist centers, both centralized and decentralized. The consequence of the villages becoming tourist-oriented is environmental, economic, and social changes, resulting in physical-spatial developments in the villages. Among these, the coastal villages of Rasht, due to their proximity to the provincial center and the existence of the Caspian Free Trade-Industrial Zone, receive more attention from tourists. Attention to these villages includes short-hour trips and temporary stays in the villages (second house). As a result, the physical structure and spaces of the coastal villages have been influenced. In this regard, 11 coastal villages in Rasht City are of tourist interest due to the presence of attractions. The flourishing tourism activities have transformed the physical-spatial structure of these villages. The most significant changes are:<br /><br />The expansion of second homes.<br />Changes in land use.<br />Developments in the types of economic activities.<br />The prosperity of service-related activities.<br /><br />The intensity of the role of tourism in the physical-spatial developments of coastal villages can be a noteworthy point in the current research. Given the above considerations, this research aimed to address the following questions:<br />1- To what extent does tourism affect the physical-spatial developments of the coastal villages of Rasht City? And which of the developments has the greatest effect?<br />2- What is the spatial analysis of physical-spatial developments in the coastal villages of Rasht City with a focus on tourism?<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />In terms of its nature, the present research utilized quantitative data and was practical based on its objective. A survey method was employed using a questionnaire technique for data collection. The statistical population of the research consisted of two parts: the first part included coastal villages in Rasht City, with a sample of (11) villages. The second part included informed individuals (members of councils and village administrators) in coastal villages. A targeted sampling method was used to select a total of (20) individuals. Furthermore, the SPSS software, post hoc tests (Post Hoc) and (Tukey HSD), and the FARAS model have been utilized for data analysis.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The results of the one-sample t-test indicated that tourism has had a significant effect on developments in rural housing architecture, changes in the structure and spatial system, changes in the functional system, and changes in the communication system. In the developments of rural housing architecture, among the coastal villages, Bāgh-e Amirbekandeh with a value of 3.78, Tālesh Mahalleh with 3.22, and Ali Zibā Kenār with 3.25, in the third category (high impact), have attributed the highest level of susceptibility to tourism. Other villages emphasizing tourism were included in the second category (moderate effect). In the developments related to changes in the structure and spatial system, among the villages, Ali Zibā Kenār has allocated the highest level of susceptibility to tourism, with a value of 3.11. Other villages emphasizing tourism were included in the second category (moderate effect). In the developments related to changes in the functional and communicative system, all villages were included in the second category (moderate effect), emphasizing tourism. The results of spatial analysis of developments in rural settlements indicated a correlation among the mentioned developments. A correlation test was used to ensure greater confidence in the correlation, and the results indicated a significant correlation between the mentioned developments. The test showed that tourism, as an industry and fundamental activity in rural settlements, affects each of the discussed physical-spatial developments, and a correlation exists among these developments.<br />Furthermore, the results of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FARAS) model indicated that changes in the structure and physical form of the villages, with a weight value of 0.413, and changes in the communication system, with a weight value of 0.390, have attributed the highest and lowest susceptibility to the influence of tourism in the coastal villages of Rasht City.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />Tourism in the coastal villages of Rasht City, on the one hand, has contributed to economic growth and the diversity of rural activities, providing income for rural residents. On the other hand, it has led to the expansion of second houses, changes in land use, transformations in the types of economic activities, the prosperity of service-related activities, and an increase in land and housing prices.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7250_6c4f9cdae12bad41a3069d3306943899.pdf

University of Guilan Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal 2783-1191 4 4 2023 12 22 Assessing the Resilience Status of Coastal Settlements in Iran (Case Study: Coastal Settlements in Guilān Province) Assessing the Resilience Status of Coastal Settlements in Iran (Case Study: Coastal Settlements in Guilān Province) 119 138 7373 10.22124/gscaj.2023.23725.1213 FA Atefeh Hesarakizad Master's student of environmental hazards, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Nabi Moradpour PhD student of geography and urban planning, Department of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 01 30 The concept of resilience is rooted in the discourse of sustainable management, especially in the coastal areas. Resilience is regarded as a desirable attribute, and policy and practice in coastal area management are increasingly aimed toward promoting it. Considering the effects of climate change, achieving social, economic, and physical resilience in coastal environments is very costly in the long run. This study aimed to examine the resiliency of the coastal settlements in the province of Guilān. Twenty-one indices have been used in different social, economic, and physical dimensions to measure the resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān province. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the coastal settlements of Guilān province (the Settlements of Āstārā, Tālesh, Bandar-e Anzali, Rasht, Rezvānshahr, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Lāhijān, Langrud and Māsāl). BWM and PROMETHEE models were used for data analysis. According to the study's findings, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali have sufficient resilience levels, while Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud have inadequate resilience levels.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />Coastal cities worldwide are changing considerably due to human-induced vulnerability, population growth, and global climate change. The results of this transition show that coastal regions are very vulnerable to coastal hazards such as hurricanes, coastline erosion, coastal flooding, tsunamis, and rising sea levels caused by climate change. These risks gravely threaten coastal towns' physical, social, and economic components. The ecosystem of the sea and coastal areas is being destroyed due to the growth of people in coastal areas. According to estimates, more than half of the world's population is within 60 kilometers of the shoreline, and around 10% of Iran's population resides along the Caspian Sea.<br />Numerous studies have been conducted due to concerns raised in recent years regarding how disaster-resilient communities. Few studies have been conducted regarding the country's coastal regions, according to the study of the research's literature. The demands of local residents and visitors, the exploitation of minerals, and the disposal and destruction of rubbish have put growing pressure on the seacoasts during the past century. There is a growing rivalry between corporate and public sector interests in coastal areas. The current study has thus looked at the coastal settlements in northern Iran to address this gap (Guilān province).<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />According to the applied-developmental purpose, the nature of the study, and the specified goals, the current research used a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population included the coastal communities in the province of Guilān. BWM and PROMETHEE models were utilized for data analysis in Excel, PROMETHEE, and Arc GIS.<br />Social resilience indicators: This index comes after the creation of nine resilience indicators, including population density, sex ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of higher education recipients, percentage of immigrants, percentage of vulnerable populations (those under 15 and over 65), percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or divorce). These indicators influence resilience in a significant way. Resilience, for instance, is likely to be lower in seniors (over 65) and young people when an accident occurs in one location (less than 14 years old).<br />Economic resilience indicators: Economic resilience has been measured in this study using "gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependency burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio."<br />Physical resilience indicators: In this research, to measure physical resilience, the indicators of "percentage of resistant housing, percentage of housing ownership, percentage of rented housing, people in a residential unit, vulnerable people in a residential unit and residential units fewer than 80 square meters " were used.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The level of social resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: A community's capacity to bounce back and use its resources to rebuild itself is known as social resilience. The population density, gender ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of people with higher education, percentage of vulnerable people (those under the age of 15 and over the age of 65), percentage of immigrants, percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or d) are all used in this study to determine the social resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān Province. Results indicated that Rasht, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, and other settlements in the study had low levels of social resilience.<br />The level of economic resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: Economic resilience is characterized as the innate ability of people and communities to respond to and adapt to risks in a way that enables them to minimize possible losses brought on by hazards. In other terms, resilience refers to a society's aptitude and ability to resume economic activity following a crisis. The indicators of gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependence burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio have been used to determine the economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province has been determined by combining these data. The findings indicated that Langrod, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Lāhijān, and Māsāl have enough economic resilience, but Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rudsar, Rasht, and Tālesh have poor resilience.<br />The level of physical resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: The resistance of constructed buildings to changes and future crises is defined as physical resilience. Indicators of resistant housing percentage, housing ownership percentage, rental housing percentage, people per residential unit, vulnerable people per residential unit, and residential units less than 80 square meters have all been used to gauge the physical resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The overall index of physical resilience of the coastal Settlements in Guilān Province was generated from the combination of the previously listed factors. The findings demonstrated that physical resilience is adequate in the Settlements of Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Lāhijān, and Māsāl. Still, it is unsuitable in Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Langrod, and Rasht.<br />The level of overall resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: In this study, various aspects of coastal settlements in Guilān Province's resilience have been examined. Lastly, it provided an overview of their resilience. Based on the results of the 21 indicators above, the overall resilience index of the coastal Settlements of Guilān province has been generated, and its state has been assessed in those settlements. The findings indicated that while Āstāneh -ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud were in poor condition, the general resilience status in Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali was good.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />There is no single remedy for managing human and coastal environmental systems, and solutions to enhance resilience may not easily proliferate among local, regional, and national governance institutions. Nevertheless, from a social point of view, the resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān province can be increased through social networks, participation, interaction, and communication of citizens with neighbors, insurance, and access to other financial resources. In the physical dimension, strengthening the standards of buildings, improving construction methods and building design, land use planning, and maintaining open space are measures that may enhance resilience. Controlling land use in flood-prone areas, having public infrastructure available, lifelines, retrofitting already-existing infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, electricity, water, etc.), having proper access to medical facilities, having proper access to relief organizations (Crisis Management Center and Red Hall), and expanding transportation options are some additional factors that increase resilience. To increase the resilience of the Guilān province's coastal settlements in urban management, it is hoped that the study's findings would be useful for more accurate and objective policy-making and planning based on the resident needs and would ultimately reflect in managers' decisions, to increase the province coastal settlements' level of resilience.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. The concept of resilience is rooted in the discourse of sustainable management, especially in the coastal areas. Resilience is regarded as a desirable attribute, and policy and practice in coastal area management are increasingly aimed toward promoting it. Considering the effects of climate change, achieving social, economic, and physical resilience in coastal environments is very costly in the long run. This study aimed to examine the resiliency of the coastal settlements in the province of Guilān. Twenty-one indices have been used in different social, economic, and physical dimensions to measure the resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān province. The research method was descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the coastal settlements of Guilān province (the Settlements of Āstārā, Tālesh, Bandar-e Anzali, Rasht, Rezvānshahr, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Lāhijān, Langrud and Māsāl). BWM and PROMETHEE models were used for data analysis. According to the study's findings, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali have sufficient resilience levels, while Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud have inadequate resilience levels.<br /> <br /><strong>Extended Abstract</strong><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Introduction </strong><br />Coastal cities worldwide are changing considerably due to human-induced vulnerability, population growth, and global climate change. The results of this transition show that coastal regions are very vulnerable to coastal hazards such as hurricanes, coastline erosion, coastal flooding, tsunamis, and rising sea levels caused by climate change. These risks gravely threaten coastal towns' physical, social, and economic components. The ecosystem of the sea and coastal areas is being destroyed due to the growth of people in coastal areas. According to estimates, more than half of the world's population is within 60 kilometers of the shoreline, and around 10% of Iran's population resides along the Caspian Sea.<br />Numerous studies have been conducted due to concerns raised in recent years regarding how disaster-resilient communities. Few studies have been conducted regarding the country's coastal regions, according to the study of the research's literature. The demands of local residents and visitors, the exploitation of minerals, and the disposal and destruction of rubbish have put growing pressure on the seacoasts during the past century. There is a growing rivalry between corporate and public sector interests in coastal areas. The current study has thus looked at the coastal settlements in northern Iran to address this gap (Guilān province).<br /><strong>Methodology</strong><br />According to the applied-developmental purpose, the nature of the study, and the specified goals, the current research used a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population included the coastal communities in the province of Guilān. BWM and PROMETHEE models were utilized for data analysis in Excel, PROMETHEE, and Arc GIS.<br />Social resilience indicators: This index comes after the creation of nine resilience indicators, including population density, sex ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of higher education recipients, percentage of immigrants, percentage of vulnerable populations (those under 15 and over 65), percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or divorce). These indicators influence resilience in a significant way. Resilience, for instance, is likely to be lower in seniors (over 65) and young people when an accident occurs in one location (less than 14 years old).<br />Economic resilience indicators: Economic resilience has been measured in this study using "gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependency burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio."<br />Physical resilience indicators: In this research, to measure physical resilience, the indicators of "percentage of resistant housing, percentage of housing ownership, percentage of rented housing, people in a residential unit, vulnerable people in a residential unit and residential units fewer than 80 square meters " were used.<br /><strong>Results and discussion</strong><br />The level of social resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: A community's capacity to bounce back and use its resources to rebuild itself is known as social resilience. The population density, gender ratio, percentage of total literacy, percentage of female literacy, percentage of people with higher education, percentage of vulnerable people (those under the age of 15 and over the age of 65), percentage of immigrants, percentage of female-headed households, and percentage of single women (due to the death of a spouse or d) are all used in this study to determine the social resilience of the coastal settlements of Guilān Province. Results indicated that Rasht, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, and other settlements in the study had low levels of social resilience.<br />The level of economic resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: Economic resilience is characterized as the innate ability of people and communities to respond to and adapt to risks in a way that enables them to minimize possible losses brought on by hazards. In other terms, resilience refers to a society's aptitude and ability to resume economic activity following a crisis. The indicators of gross employment rate, general population activity rate, economic burden, gross dependence burden, subsistence burden, and net dependency ratio have been used to determine the economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The economic resilience of the coastal settlements in Guilān Province has been determined by combining these data. The findings indicated that Langrod, Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Lāhijān, and Māsāl have enough economic resilience, but Bandar-e Anzali, Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rudsar, Rasht, and Tālesh have poor resilience.<br />The level of physical resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: The resistance of constructed buildings to changes and future crises is defined as physical resilience. Indicators of resistant housing percentage, housing ownership percentage, rental housing percentage, people per residential unit, vulnerable people per residential unit, and residential units less than 80 square meters have all been used to gauge the physical resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān Province. The overall index of physical resilience of the coastal Settlements in Guilān Province was generated from the combination of the previously listed factors. The findings demonstrated that physical resilience is adequate in the Settlements of Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Bandar-e Anzali, Lāhijān, and Māsāl. Still, it is unsuitable in Āstāneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Langrod, and Rasht.<br />The level of overall resilience in Guilān's coastal settlements: In this study, various aspects of coastal settlements in Guilān Province's resilience have been examined. Lastly, it provided an overview of their resilience. Based on the results of the 21 indicators above, the overall resilience index of the coastal Settlements of Guilān province has been generated, and its state has been assessed in those settlements. The findings indicated that while Āstāneh -ye Ashrafiyeh, Rudsar, Tālesh, Māsāl, and Langrud were in poor condition, the general resilience status in Rezvānshahr, Āstārā, Rasht, Lāhijān, and Bandar-e Anzali was good.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />There is no single remedy for managing human and coastal environmental systems, and solutions to enhance resilience may not easily proliferate among local, regional, and national governance institutions. Nevertheless, from a social point of view, the resilience of coastal settlements in Guilān province can be increased through social networks, participation, interaction, and communication of citizens with neighbors, insurance, and access to other financial resources. In the physical dimension, strengthening the standards of buildings, improving construction methods and building design, land use planning, and maintaining open space are measures that may enhance resilience. Controlling land use in flood-prone areas, having public infrastructure available, lifelines, retrofitting already-existing infrastructure (such as roads, bridges, electricity, water, etc.), having proper access to medical facilities, having proper access to relief organizations (Crisis Management Center and Red Hall), and expanding transportation options are some additional factors that increase resilience. To increase the resilience of the Guilān province's coastal settlements in urban management, it is hoped that the study's findings would be useful for more accurate and objective policy-making and planning based on the resident needs and would ultimately reflect in managers' decisions, to increase the province coastal settlements' level of resilience.<br /><strong>Funding</strong><br />There is no funding support.<br /><strong>Authors’ Contribution </strong><br />Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.<br /><strong>Conflict of Interest </strong><br />Authors declared no conflict of interest.<br /><strong>Acknowledgments</strong><br />We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper. https://hgscaj.guilan.ac.ir/article_7373_7676fc8c776b8a9dcbf534580c43cdd9.pdf